[6][13] In English, Wollof and Woloff[3] are found, particularly in reference to the Gambian Wolof; for English-speakers, the spelling Wollof is closer to the native pronunciation of the name. Wolof culture and language have an enormous influence, especially in urban areas. In Mauritania, about 8% of the population are Wolof. [46][47], The Wolof people are traditionally settled, farmers and artisans. [20], Early colonial laws that sought to end the slave trade were strongly resisted by Wolof elites as well as colonial administrators in Senegambia. (Die Grenzen meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt.). Similarly, a West African rice dish is known in English as Jollof rice. Europäische Hochschulschriften Band 90. Pape Amadou Gaye: Wolof: An Audio-Aural Approach. [32] The Wolof's caste status, states Villalón, is a greater barrier to inter-marriage than is either ethnicity or religion in Senegal. [33] The castes, states David Gamble, were associated with ideas of relative purity/impurity. Things to Check Out (90 items) by nanaaba updated 2010-04-29. Insgesamt sprechen inzwischen etwa 10 % der Bevölkerung fließend Französisch, während 21 % es teilweise verstehen und auch spre⦠Wolof is spoken by nearly 4 million first-language speakers, in at least six territories. Wolof (/ËwÉlÉf/) is a language of Senegal, the Gambia, and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people. [6], The Wolof people, like other West African ethnic groups, historically maintained a rigid, endogamous social stratification that included nobility, clerics, castes, and slaves. Wolof (ISO Language) Wolof: Baol; Wolof: Cayor; Wolof: Dyolof; Wolof: Jander; Wolof: Lebou; Wolof: Ndyanger; Wolof: Urban Wolof; People Groups who speak Wolof. Territory size shows the proportion of all people who speak Wolof as a first language that live in that territory. Look up the German to English translation of Wolof in the PONS online dictionary. [21], The pre-Islamic religious traditions of Wolof are unknown, and neither written nor oral traditions about their traditional religion are available. The Wolof people are the largest ethnic group in Senegal, particularly concentrated in its northwestern region near the Senegal River and the Gambia River. A mysterious person arose from the lake to settle the dispute. Auch wenn Französisch die offizielle Amtssprache ist, sprechen die meisten Leute untereinander Wolof.Ungefähr 90 Prozent der Bevölkerung sind dieser Sprache mächtig. [42], While slavery is illegal in contemporary African societies, it was common in the history of Wolof people and among the elite castes. At least 50% of Senegal's population are native speakers of Wolof. Centre national de la recherche scientifique, "2013 Population and Housing Census: Spatial Distribution", When Talk Isn't Cheap: Language and Political Economy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolof_people&oldid=1009610190, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Srpskohrvatski / ÑÑпÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑваÑÑки, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 March 2021, at 12:20. [7] The complicated relationship had led to the emergence of Sufi traditions from a historic and dominant Sunni Islam environment. [29] Slaves were either inherited by birth in the Wolof society, or were kidnapped, purchased as children from desperate parents during difficult times such as famine, or slavery was imposed by the village elders as a punishment for offenses. Religious and political functions have been the domain of men, while women typically keep the household, bring water from their sources such as wells or nearby rivers. During European expansion into Africa, Senegal came under the control of various countries, including the Netherlands, Portugal, Great Britain, and France. Creative Commons Attribution - Non Commercial - ShareAlike 4.0 International License. [42][43], Marriages are endogamous. Wolof belongs to the West-Atlantic group of the Niger-Congo family (like Fulfulde). [5][6] In the Gambia, about 16% of the population are Wolof. Members of neighboring groups are often bilingual and can understand Wolof. Social relationships within a village are based on hierarchy, while disputes are typically settled with intermediaries and Muslim tribunals headed by an Islamic judge called a qadi. Das verwehrt vielen eine gute Bildung. [22], In and after the 18th century, the Wolofs were impacted by the violent jihads in West Africa, which triggered internal disagreements among the Wolof on Islam. Older French publications frequently employ the spelling Ouolof; up to the 19th century, the spellings Wolluf, Volof, and Olof are also encountered, among rarer variants like Yolof, Dylof, Chelof, Galof, Lolof, and others. [7] However, historical evidence left by Islamic scholars and European travelers suggest that Wolof warriors and rulers did not initially convert to Islam, although accepting and relying on Muslim clerics as counselors and administrators. Slaves acquired by kidnapping, purchase or as captives of war were called jaam say in the Wolof society. [41], Wolof villages consist of a cluster of compounds. Unlike most other languages of the Niger-Congo family, Wolof ⦠The Wolof people (UK: /ËwoÊlÉf/)[3][4] are a West African ethnic group found in northwestern Senegal, the Gambia, and southwestern coastal Mauritania. Their name as the Wolof first appears in the records of 15th-century Portuguese travelers. The chief has been the tribute (tax) collector and the interface between the kingdom officials and the villagers. Wolof language -- Word formation; Wolof-Sprache; Member of. User lists with this item Cheikh Anta Diop (207 items) by quince3800 updated 2011-01-17. The vast majority are in Senegal, and most of those who don’t speak it as a first language in Senegal speak it as a second language. Its first recorded settlements date back to the 7th century. [citation needed]. The limits of my language mean the limits of my world. اÙعربÙØ©: Ùغة ÙÙÙÙÙØ©. Millet has been the typical staple, while rice a secondary staple when rains are plenty. Wolof is the name of the native language of the Wolof people. [42][44] Dowry among the Wolof people is paid in the form of a brideprice. [7] However, historical evidence left by Islamic scholars and European travelers suggest that Wolof kings and warriors did not convert to Islam in the beginning and for many centuries while accepting and relying on Muslim clerics as counselors and administrators. However, Wolof language and culture have a disproportionate influence because of their prevalence in Banjul, the Gambian capital, where a majority of the population is Wolof. [6], The Senegalese Sufi Muslim brotherhoods appeared in the Wolof communities in the 19th century and grew in the 20th. This role belongs to a caste and has been hereditary. Thereafter, the greatest concentration of speakers are in Gambia, where it is popular in the capital Banjul. Women of the pottery caste group, also help in steps involved in making pottery.[42]. The language numbers we use and publish are rough estimates, and should not be taken as definitive. Wolof / Ë w oÊ l É f / is a language of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people.Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the NigerâCongo language family.Unlike most other languages of the Niger-Congo family, Wolof is not a tonal language.. Men of certain caste are smiths, leatherworkers, weavers (now the profession of former slave descendants). Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. [14], The origins of the Wolof people are obscure, states David Gamble, a professor of anthropology and African studies specializing in Senegambia. Includes high-resolution map. Wolof-Sprache; Wolof; Senegal -- Nord; Wolof. Roughly 36% of the population there speak it as a first language. In the pre-colonial era, slaves were either born or acquired through purchase or capture. "Dakar-Wolof," for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic. Wolof is a language of Senegal. The slavery system was abolished in Wolof lands and its end enforced after the 1890s by the British and French colonial authorities when they began ruling the Gambia and Senegal directly, the two major parts where the Wolof people are found. Definition The maps in the 2005 language data series are made from data on the number of people speaking a language as their first-language, that is the language they would use at home. Wolof originated as the language of the Lebu people. [7][8][9] Wolofs joined the various competing Sufi Muslim movements in the 20th century, particularly those belonging to the Mouride and Tijaniyyah Islamic brotherhoods. Wolof ist die am meisten verbreitete Sprache des Senegal und die eigentliche Verkehrssprache Senegals. The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mali Empire from the 14th to 16th centuries in present-day Senegal The Wolof or Jolof Kingdom, a rump survival of the earlier empire in the same area from the 16th to the 19th centuries Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania The sale of weapons and horses to the Wolof elites and warriors made slave-raiding easier. Für etwa 50 % der Bevölkerung des Landes ist es die Muttersprache, weitere 20 bis 30 % sprechen es als Zweitsprache und viele Nicht-Wolof sprechen diese Sprache auf muttersprachlichem Niveau. He was called Ndyadyane Ndyaye, and his descendants were called Ndiayes or Njie, and these led to ruling families of Wolof, Mali, and Morocco, according to this mythical legend. [20] The transatlantic demand for slaves in British, French, Dutch and Portuguese colonies, as well as American plantations, along with lucrative prices for slaves increased the economic incentive to scale up the violence as well as the sale of slaves from the social strata within the Wolof society. Later politico-religious changes, such as those brought during the Wolof Empire era, introduced major changes in the social structure among the Wolofs and many other ethnic groups, including a shift to a patrilineal system. Unlike most other languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolof is not a tonal language. The Wolof people have had a rigid, patriarchal, endogamous social stratified society at least since the 15th-century. Further notes on the data, as well as all modifications to the original data source are noted in our data sheets. Clic this link to see lesson 2: Learn Wolof Lesson # 2 : https://youtu.be/bj9yTCno7_s. [citation needed][16] According to Gamble, this migration likely occurred at the end of 11th century when the Ghana Empire fell to the Muslim armies from Sudan. Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. Wolof is a language of Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania, and the native language of the Wolof people.Like the neighbouring languages Serer and Fula, it belongs to the Senegambian branch of the NigerâCongo language family.Unlike most other languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, Wolof is not a tonal language.. Wolof originated as the language of the Lebou people. Some clusters are random with no central plaza, and many are clustered around a plaza with a mosque in the center. Wolof smiths produce tools for agriculture, while another group works on gold jewelry. The Wolof Empire was a medieval West African state that ruled parts of Senegal and The Gambia from approximately 1350 to 1890. [35] The leatherworkers, for example, were considered the lowest of the nyenyo because their occupation involving animal skins was considered dirty. The slave owner and his descendants also had a right to have sex with slave women owned by the household. According to David Gamble, the historical evidence suggests Wolofs used to live in large settlements priors to the jihad wars and slave raids. Wolof is the main language of Senegal, and is also spoken in the Gambia and Mauritania. Jump to navigation Jump to search. PDF | On Jan 1, 2010, Cheikh M. Bamba Dione and others published Design and Development of Part-of-Speech-Tagging Resources for Wolof (Niger-Congo, spoken in Senegal). Français : Langue wolof. The Wolof people's traditional culture and practices have survived the colonial era and are a strong element of the Senegalese culture. [29][31] Caste status has been hereditary, and endogamy among the men and women of a particular caste status has been an enduring feature among the Wolof people, according to Leonardo Villalón, a professor of Political Science and African Studies. [7][23], In the late 19th century, as the French colonial forces launched a war against the Wolof kingdoms, the Wolof people resisted the French and triggered the start of near-universal conversion of the Wolof people in Senegambia to Islam. Includes free vocabulary trainer, verb tables and pronunciation function. [42][48] Wolof farmers raise chickens and goats, and dried or smoked fish purchased, both a part of their diet. [35], The chronological origin of social stratification based on castes and slavery is unclear, likely linked. While only ever consolidated into a single state structure for part of this time, the tradition of governance, caste, and culture of the Wolof dominate the history of north-central Senegal for much of the last 800 years. Grammar. In and after the 18th century, the Wolofs were impacted by the violent jihads in West Africa, which triggered internal disagreements about Islam among the Wolof. The Sufi leaders and marabouts exercise cultural and political influence amongst most Muslim communities, most notably the leader of the Muridiyya also called the Mouride brotherhood. They are also referred to as the Wollof, Jolof, Iolof, Whalof, Ialof, Olof, and Volof, among other spellings. Estimating the number of speakers of a language is fraught with difficulty on several levels (last accessed January 2009). Ich denke, dass die Autorin selbst nie die Grundbildung der Basis Sprache Wolof oder es in der Schule gelernt hat. The term Wolof also refers to the Wolof language and to their states, cultures, and traditions. Arame Fal, Rosine Santos, Jean Léonce Doneux: Dictionnaire wolof-français (suivi d'un index français-wolof). Its final demise at the hands of French colonial forces in the 1870sâ1890s also marks the beginning of the formation of Senegal as a unified state. [7], According to David Gamble, the pre-Islamic beliefs of Wolof may be reflected and absorbed in the Sufi beliefs about good and bad spirits (jinn), amulets, dances, and other rituals. African Choirs singing in Wolof About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features © 2021 Google LLC It is also spoken around the southern coastal regions of Mauritania. [41][42], A single compound may have multiple huts, with a patrilocal male as its head, with a different wife and her children in each hut in polygynous households. Pathé Diagne: Grammaire de Wolof Moderne. While only ever consolidated into a single state structure for part of this time, the tradition of governance, caste, and culture of the Wolof dominate the history of north-central Senegal for much of the last 800 years. [42], Those Wolof people who are of artisan castes work on metal, weave and dye textiles, produce leather goods, make pottery and baskets, tailor clothes, produce thatch and perform such economic activity. Roughly 36% of the population there speak it as a first language. Typically, the chief is also a Muslim religious leader, called seriñ (marabout). Where Wolof is spoken. The villagers detained him; he settled among them and became the one who settled disputes and sovereign authority. [27][28] It is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. Die französische Sprache wurde während der Kolonialzeit des Landes eingeführt. [Gabriel Manessy; Serge Sauvageot;] [42], A village is headed by a chief, called the borom dekk. Sondern wird von den Einheimischen mit weiteren Volkssprachen vermischt. In the Gambia, they are a minority. Wolof is spoken by more than 5 million people in the Gambia, Senegal, and Mauritania. The earliest documented mention of the Wolof is found in the records of 15th-century, Portuguese-financed Italian traveller Alvise Cadamosto, who mentioned well-established Islamic Wolof chiefs advised by Muslim counselors. [10][29][30], The social strata have included a free category called geer, a castes category called nyeenyo or neeno, and a servile category of slaves called jaam. Geschätzte 95 % der Bevölkerung verstehen Wolof. Wolof: Wolof làkk. [7] In the 19th century, as the colonial French forces launched a war against the Wolof kingdoms, the Wolof people resisted the French and converted to Islam. Their total population exceeds 6 million in the three countries. Rural Wolof people eat beef rarely, typically as a part of a ceremonial feast. [38] According to Victoria B. Coifman, a professor of Afro-American and African studies, historical evidence suggests that the Wolof people were a matrilineal society before the 14th-century. The Jolof or Wolof Empire was a medieval West African state that ruled parts of Senegal and the Gambia from approximately 1350 to 1890. [19] However, the social distinctions between the freeborn and the slaves remained strong, during the colonial rule, and even after the two nations gained their independence from the colonial rule.[19]. Falola, Toyin; Salm, Steven J. Urbanization and African cultures. Data sources This map uses data several sources, the main one being Ethnologue (15th Edition, 2005). Deutsch! Multiple marriages have been common, with many Wolof households featuring two wives. This bilingual dictionary & phrasebook, based on the spoken Wolof of the Gambia, is an essential resource for travelers in the region. Wolof dialects may vary between countries (Senegal and Gambia) and the rural and urban areas. Diese ist nicht mal zum Teil richtig. Get this from a library! [15] The documented history, from 15th-century onwards, is a complex story of the rivalry between powerful families, wars, coups and conquests in Wolof society.[17]. [38] She places the development and spread of castes in these societies to about the 10th century, because slave capture, slave trade, and slave holding by elite families across the Sahel, West Africa, and North Africa was an established institution by then, and slavery created a template for servile relationships and social stratification. [46] The slaves could not marry without the permission of their owner, and it was usually the responsibility of the slave owner to arrange the marriage of or among his slaves. [7][8][9] Contemporary Wolofs are predominantly Sufi Muslims belonging to Mouride and Tijaniyyah Islamic brotherhoods. Wolof; Wolof, Lebou; Work with GRN on this language Die am nächsten verwandten Sprachen sind Fulfulde und Serer. Divorce is quite common in the Wolof society and according to the Islamic tenets. [5] They refer to themselves as Wolof and speak the Wolof language, in the West Atlantic branch of the NigerâCongo family of languages. [6][10][11] The Wolof were close to the French colonial rulers, became integrated into the colonial administration, and have dominated the culture and economy of Senegal since the country's independence.[12]. Was den Senegal als afrikanisches Land und ehemalige Kolonie so besonders macht, ist die Wichtigkeit der einheimischen Sprachen. [15] Archeological artifacts have been discovered in Senegal and the Gambia, such as pre-historic pottery, the 8th-century stones, and 14th-century burial mounds, but, states Gamble, these provide no evidence that links them exclusively to the Wolof ethnic group. [29], The divisions, the endogamy among Wolof castes, social and political groups have persisted into the post-colonial independent Senegal. [36], The geer or "freeborn" too had a hierarchical structure. Die Sprache und Kultur der Wolof im Senegal (mit angeschlossenem Lehrbuch Wolof). From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Langues nationales au Sénégal, no 77 [13]) The spelling Jolof is also often used, but in particular reference to the Jolof Empire and Jolof Kingdom that existed in central Senegal from the 14th to the 19th centuries. By the end of the 15th century, the Wolof states of Jolof, Kayor, Baol, and Walo had become united in a federation with Jolof as the metropolitan power. The typical farmers in a village pay rent (waref) to the landowner for the right to crop his land. Carolina Academic Press, 2005. At the top were the royal rulers, below them were the regionally or locally dominant noble lineages who controlled territories and collected tribute, and below them were commoner freeborn called the baadoolo or "lacking power". [6][7] The Wolof belonged to the medieval-era Wolof Empire of the Senegambia region. Sie ist heute die Amtssprache des Senegal und damit Sprache der weiterführenden Schulen, des Parlamentes und der Gerichte.Auch Literatur, Musik und Kino des Landes bedienen sich überwiegend des Französischen. The country has a population of over 15.41 million individuals. Wolof ist die am meisten verbreitete Sprache des Senegal und die eigentliche ⦠English: Wolof language. A compound is sometimes fenced with a hedge made from reeds or millet-stalk. Gambia, The Guinea-Bissau Mali Mauritania Senegal Languages related to Wolof. Women also plant, weed, harvest crops and collect firewood. [32], The castes have also been hierarchal, with lowest level being those of griots.
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