A further 400 such personnel were demobilized on 30 October. Namibia and the Land Question", "2004 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook – Namibia", "Main treason trial set to soldier on in September", "Caprivi treason trial up and running again", "History and economy – Namibia Travel Guide", Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, "Chronology of Namibian History: From Precolonial Times to Independent Namibia", "People and culture – Namibia Travel Guide", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Namibia&oldid=1012623073, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Botha, Christo. So kam es, dass Deutsch-Südwestafrika zu einer deutschen Kolonie wurde. On the dismissal (1966) by the International Court of Justice of a complaint brought by Ethiopia and Liberia against South Africa's continued presence in the territory, the U.N. General Assembly revoked South Africa's mandate. Namibia's colonial and Apartheid past had resulted in a situation where about 20 percent of the population owned about 75 percent of all the land. Mitglied der Vereinten Nationen und ebenfalls Mitglied im Commonwealth of Nations. Earlier von Trotha issued an ultimatum to the Herero, denying them citizenship rights and ordering them to leave the country or be killed. The first European to set foot on Namibian soil was the Portuguese Diogo Cão in 1485, who stopped briefly on the Skeleton Coast, and raised a limestone cross there, on his exploratory mission along the west coast of Africa. Die berühmten Felsmalereien von Twyfelfontein sind jüngere Belege frühgeschichtlicher Besiedlung. He tried without great success to apply the principle of "colonialism without bloodshed". [ © "Das Buch von unseren Kolonien" von Ottomar Beta / gemeinfrei ]. The Angolan civil war resulted in a large number of Angolan refugees coming to Namibia. Im November 1989 hatten zuvor die ersten freien Wahlen stattgefunden, bei denen die SWAPO 57 Prozent der Stimmen erhielt. Finally, in 1987 when prospects for Namibian independence seemed to be improving, the fourth UN Commissioner for Namibia Bernt Carlsson was appointed. Die Epoche des Imperialismus beinhaltet die Zeitspanne von ca. Coordinates: 22°S 17°E Namibia (/ nəˈmɪbiə / (listen), / næˈ -/), officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa. "People and the environment in colonial Namibia. Doch die schwarze Bevölkerung wollte ihr Land nicht einfach so hergeben. Negotiations after 1978 focused on issues such as supervision of elections connected with the implementation of the settlement proposal. The protection treaty did have the effect of stabilising the situation but pockets of rebellion persisted, and were put down by an elite German regiment Schutztruppe, while real peace was never achieved between the colonialists and the natives. In 1883, a German trader, Adolf Lüderitz, bought Angra Pequena from the Nama chief Josef Frederiks II. Im Januar 1904 erhoben sich die Herero im ehemaligen Deutsch-Südwestafrika, dem heutigen Namibia, gegen die weißen Kolonialherren aus.. Herero may refer to: Herero people, a people belonging to the Bantu group, with about 240,000 members alive today. Intense diplomatic activity characterized the next 7 months, as the parties worked out agreements to bring peace to the region and make possible the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 435 (UNSCR 435). Since independence Namibia has successfully completed the transition from white minority apartheid rule to a democratic society. The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990.. From 1884, Namibia was a German colony: German South West Africa.After the First World War, the League of Nations Mandated South Africa to administer the territory. The peaceful resolution of this territorial dispute was praised by the international community, as it fulfilled the provisions of the UNSCR 432 (1978), which declared Walvis Bay to be an integral part of Namibia. The civil war in Angola had a limited impact on Namibians living in the north of the country. Namibia's independence grew out of the determination and courage of the people of Namibia and the vision you share with your ancestors. Jahrhundert; What is radiation? Both groups belonged to the Bantu nation. Soon the Namaqua people joined the war, again under the leadership of Hendrik Witbooi. Agreements to give effect to these decisions were drawn up for signature in New York in December 1988. Sam Nujoma won the presidential elections of 1994 with 76.34% of the votes. Die Opposition kritisierte seine Politik. Almost 98% of registered voters turned out to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. To cope with the situation, Germany sent 14,000 additional troops who soon crushed the rebellion in the Battle of Waterberg in 1904. At its peak in 2001 there were over 30,000 Angolan refugees in Namibia. In 1915, during World War I, South Africa launched a military campaign and occupied the German colony of South West Africa. His place was taken by acting president J. Christiaan Heunis. Die ersten Bevölkerungsgruppen, die hier lebten, waren die Buschmänner (San) und die Damara. 1487: Landung von Bartolomeu Diaz beim heutigen Lüderitz 1884: Lüderitz wird zum Teil des Deutschen Reiches erklärt 1910: Sperrgebiet zwischen Lüderitz und dem Oranje-Fluss (Diamantvorkommen) 1914: Beginn des ersten Weltkriegs →->Ende von Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1920: Völkerbund Ben Ulenga is a former SWAPO member and Deputy Minister of Environment and Tourism, and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He was killed on flight Pan Am 103 which exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988 en route from London to New York. Its western border is the Atlantic Ocean; it shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. Die Geschichte Namibias umfasst die historischen Entwicklungen auf dem Territorium der Republik Namibia von der Ur- und Frühgeschichte bis nach der Unabhängigkeit des Staates. The ongoing local rebellions escalated in 1904 into the Herero and Namaqua Wars when the Herero attacked remote farms on the countryside, killing approximately 150 Germans. This affected the Angolan Civil War that had been ongoing since Angola's independence in 1975. "History, memory, and commemorations: on genocide and colonial past in South West Africa. Das heutige Namibia wurde die … During German occupation of South West Africa about one third of the population was wiped out in a genocide that continues to provoke widespread indignation. [8] Jahrhunderts durch politische Reformbestrebungen der multiethnischen Zivilbevölkerung und im Namib… Von ihnen sind 50 Prozent Lutheraner, 20 Prozent Katholiken, 5 Prozent Mitglieder der Niederländischen Reformierten Kirche und 5 Prozent Anglikaner. The 11-month transition period ended relatively smoothly. [22] The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor, Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.[23]. Namibia wurde das 151. While previously the contract work force was seen as "primitive" and "lack[ing] political consciousness", the summer 1971/72 saw a general strike of 25% of the entire working population (13,000 people), starting in Windhoek and Walvis Bay and soon spreading to Tsumeb and other mines. clock. Kolonialzeit das kollektive Geschichtsbewusstsein in Deutschland lange Zeit dominiert(Vgl. Namibia: Kolonialzeit, Widerstand, Befreiungskampf heute : e. Report (Kleine Bibliothek ; 186) (German Edition) [Babing, Alfred] on Amazon.com. [26] Dennoch hat er dem jungen namibischen Staat Frieden und eine gewisse politische Stabilität gebracht und sich vor allem für eine Aussöhnung zwischen der weißen und schwarzen Bevölkerung eingesetzt. [13], During the 1960s, as the European powers granted independence to their colonies and trust territories in Africa, pressure mounted on South Africa to do so in Namibia, which was then South West Africa. Nujoma was succeeded as President of Namibia by Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005. [18] Botha had fully recuperated by 1 April 1989 when implementation of UNSCR 435 officially started and the South African–appointed Administrator-General, Louis Pienaar, began the territory's transition to independence. UNTAG's Martti Ahtisaari took advice from Margaret Thatcher, who was visiting Southern Africa at the time, and authorized a limited contingent of South African troops to assist the South West African Police in restoring order. Veröffentliche Deine Hausaufgaben, Referate, Facharbeiten & Interpretationen auf abi-pur.de und wir bessern Dein Taschengeld auf. Von H. Vensky Mit einer Fläche von 835.100 km² war es ungefähr anderthalbmal so groß wie das Deutsche Kaiserreich. Es grenzt an den Indischen und den Atlantischen Ozean. 1797 erste Besetzung durch Truppen des Königreichs Großbritannien. Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen, "Diaspora and memory: figures of displacement in contemporary literature, arts and politics", Rodopi, 2007, pg. The opposition Democratic Turnhalle Alliance received 29% of the vote. "Entangled history and politics: Negotiating the past between Namibia and Germany. 497-510 Mitglied der Vereinten Nationen und ebenfalls Mitglied im Commonwealth of Nations. Mehr erfährst du hierüber auch bei den www.zeitklicks.de. Zeugnis erster menschlicher Ansiedlungen im heutigen Namibia geben Felsmalereien, von denen die ältesten bereits um 25.000 v. Chr. In October 1989, under orders of the UN Security Council, Pretoria was forced to demobilize some 1,600 members of Koevoet (Afrikaans for crowbar). First they resided in Kaokoland, but in the middle of the 19th century some tribes moved farther south and into Damaraland. It is dubitable whether the San (Bushmen), who alongside the Damara are the oldest ethnic group in Namibia, were the creators of these paintings. The settlement proposal, as it became known, was worked out after lengthy consultations with South Africa, the front-line states (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe), SWAPO, UN officials, and the Western Contact Group. The first territorial claim on a part of Namibia came when Britain occupied Walvis Bay, confirming the settlement of 1797, and permitted the Cape Colony to annex it in 1878. Hostilities intensified over the years, especially in Ovamboland. Die politische Verwaltung lag also in den Händen der Südafrikaner, die eine Politik der Apartheid verfolgten. ", Lyon, William Blakemore. 1914 brach der Erste Weltkrieg aus und Deutsch-Südwestafrika wurde durch Südafrika besetzt. ", Kössler, Reinhart. On 17 December 1920, South Africa undertook administration of South West Africa under the terms of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and a Class C Mandate agreement by the League Council. Jahrhundert kamen Bantus, Hirtenvölker aus Zentral- und Ostafrika, in den Norden des heutigen Namibia. During the 17th century the Herero, a pastoral, nomadic people keeping cattle, moved into Namibia. Second was Ben Ulenga from the Congress of Democrats (COD), that won 10.49% of the votes. Following World War II, the League of Nations was dissolved in April 1946 and its successor, the United Nations, instituted a Trusteeship system to bring all of the former German colonies in Africa under UN control. In 1966, South West Africa People's Organisation's (SWAPO) military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) began guerrilla attacks on South African forces, infiltrating the territory from bases in Zambia. Doch sowohl die Herero als auch die Nama mussten erkennen, dass dies nur vorgeschobene Gründe waren. [29] [24], One of SWAPO's policies, that had been formulated long before the party came into power, was land reform. In 1894 major Theodor Leutwein was appointed governor of German South West Africa. Most of them reside in the refugee camp Osire north of Windhoek. The annexation was an attempt to forestall German ambitions in the area, and it also guaranteed control of the good deepwater harbour on the way to the Cape Colony and other British colonies on Africa's east coast.[6][7]. Land was supposed to be redistributed mostly from the white minority to previously landless communities and ex-combatants. Es kam zu heftigen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen der namibischen Freiheitsbewegung SWAPO (South West Africa People's Organisation) und Südafrika. Deutsch-Südwestafrika war von 1884 bis 1915 eine deutsche Kolonie (auch Schutzgebiet) auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Staates Namibia. Jahrhundert kamen die Buren aus den Niederlanden, die sich zuvor in Südafrika niedergelassen hatten, auch nach Namibia. They were able to do this since SWAPO had a two-thirds majority in both the National Assembly of Namibia and the National Council, which is the minimum needed to amend the constitution. The elections were held in November 1989, overseen by foreign observers, and were certified as free and fair by the UN Special Representative, with SWAPO taking 57% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds necessary to have a free hand in revising the framework constitution that had been formulated not by UN Commissioner Bernt Carlsson but by the South African appointee Louis Pienaar. März 1990 Bevölkerung 2,1 Millionen Einwohner, 14-15 % unter Armutsgrenze Amtssprache Englisch (Oshivambo, Khoekhoegowab,Afrikaans und Deutsch) Wirtschaft Bergbau, Landwirtschaft undTourismus Arbeitslosigkeit 29-30 % Währung NAD (1:1Wechselkurs zu ZAR, 100 NAD = 6,75 EUR) Verkehr … The Court also advised UN member states to refrain from implying legal recognition or assistance to the South African presence. Diese Stadt ist unter der Bezeichnung "Windhoek" auch heute noch die Hauptstadt des Landes. In the 19th century white farmers, mostly Boers, moved further north, pushing the indigenous Khoisan peoples, who put up a fierce resistance, across the Orange River. Er war Führer der SWAPO. Dieser ist aber eng mit der südafrikanischen Währung Rand verbunden, da auch beide Länder wirtschaftlich eng miteinander verbunden sind. Sie errichteten Handelsniederlassungen entlang der Küste und christianisierten im Laufe der Zeit die Bevölkerung, mit der rege Handelsbeziehungen aufgenommen wurden. Its goal was it to introduce South African racist homeland politics in Namibia, while at the same time present the occupation as a progressive and scientific way to develop and support the people in Namibia.[14]. Zu Beginn versuchte man noch sogenannte "Schutzverträge" mit den Einheimischen zu schließen. Namibia (amtlich: Republik Namibia; deutsche Aussprache: ... Infolge der Missionierung während der Kolonialzeit sind rund 87 Prozent der Namibier Christen, womit das Land deutlich über dem afrikanischen Durchschnitt liegt. The official currency of Namibia is the Namibian Dollar (N$), which is subdivided into 100 cents.Namibia (along with Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland) is a member of the Southern African Common Monetary Area, and as such the Namibian Dollar is pegged 1:1 to the South African Rand (ZAR).Both the Namibian Dollar and South African Rand are legal tender in Namibia, though change … Im 15. In 1998, Namibia Defence Force (NDF) troops were sent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) contingent. Namibia wurde das 151. Nonetheless, in December 1978, in defiance of the UN proposal, it unilaterally held elections, which were boycotted by SWAPO and a few other political parties. In 1805 the London Missionary Society began working in Namibia, moving north from the Cape Colony. ", Kössler, Reinhart. The Afrikaners soon came in conflict with the Herero who entered Damaraland from the south at about the same time as the Afrikaner started to expand farther north from Namaqualand. anderen imperialistische Staaten hatten Welt längst aufgeteilt geringe wirtschaftliche Vorteile Interessenkonflikte Herero Flüchtlinge Inbesitznahme Argumente für Kolonien "Ich will gar keine Kolonien, die sind nur zu Versorgungsposten gut." [15] After Angola became independent in 1975, SWAPO established bases in the southern part of the country. Political prisoners were granted amnesty, discriminatory legislation was repealed, South Africa withdrew all its forces from Namibia, and some 42,000 refugees returned safely and voluntarily under the auspices of the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Both the Herero and the Afrikaner wanted to use the grasslands of Damaraland for their herds. Namibian government has promoted a policy of national reconciliation and issued an amnesty for those who had fought on either side during the liberation war. With their horses and guns, the Afrikaners proved to be militarily superior and forced the Herero to give them cattle as tribute. The first attack of this kind was the battle at Omugulugwombashe on 26 August. Hifikepunye Pohamba wurde 2005 Nachfolger von Nujoma. ", de Souza Correa, Sílvio Marcus. Being Calvinist and Afrikaans-speaking, they considered themselves to be culturally more "white" than "black". Namibia also intervened in the Second Congo War, sending troops in support of the Democratic Republic of Congo's president Laurent-Désiré Kabila. The price he paid was 10,000 marks (ℳ) and 260 guns. 1880 bis 1918. Twyfelfontein was … 22, Transitional Government of National Unity, UN Commissioner for Namibia Bernt Carlsson, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8533/ISS-95.pdf?sequence=1, "History of Namibia. Böhlke-Itzen, S. 103; 109). In 1998, with one year until the scheduled presidential election when Sam Nujoma would not be allowed to participate in since he had already served the two terms that the constitution allows, SWAPO amended the constitution, allowing three terms instead of two. Moreover, the vast majority of the Koevoet personnel were quite unsuited for continued employment in the South West African Police (SWAPOL). South African foreign minister, Pik Botha, announced on 28 September 1989 that 1,200 ex-Koevoet members would be demobilized with effect from the following day. [16], In 1975, South Africa sponsored the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference, which sought an "internal settlement" to Namibia. Referat oder Hausaufgabe zum Thema referat kolonialismus namibia. The Caprivi conflict has led to the longest[30] and largest[31] trial in the history of Namibia, the Caprivi treason trial. They launched a joint diplomatic effort to bring an internationally acceptable transition to independence for Namibia. Their booking on Pan Am 103 was cancelled at the last minute and Pik Botha, together with a smaller delegation, caught the earlier Pan Am 101 flight to New York. Ein Haupthandelsgut waren schwarze Sklaven aus dem Landesinneren, die von den … In the 1830s Jonker Afrikaner concluded an agreement with the Nama chief Oaseb whereby the Oorlams would protect the central grasslands of Namibia from the Herero who were then pushing south. The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990. Ab 1806 permanente britische Kronkolonie. Der Kolonialismus (lat. eds. Dabei handelte sich vor allem um die Stämme der Herero und Ovambo, deren Nachfahren auch heute noch in Namibia leben. Namibia Informationen Geschichte Kolonialzeit (D), unabhängig seit 21. Under the leadership of Jonker Afrikaner, the Oorlams used their superior weapons to take control of the best grazing land. Diamond production continues to be a very important part of Namibia's economy. Forces of the Namibian government struck back and arrested a number of alleged CLA supporters. South Africa refused to recognize any of these United Nations appointees. (UN Commissioner N°4 Bernt Carlsson was not present at the signing ceremony. Namibia is divided from west to east into three main topographic zones: the coastal Namib desert, the Central Plateau, and the Kalahari. Hosted by Leipzig Postkolonial and Engagierte Wissenschaft e.V. 51. The Class C mandate, supposed to be used for the least developed territories, gave South Africa full power of administration and legislation over the territory, but required that South Africa promote the material and moral well-being and social progress of the people. 2012-02-17 at 08:14 . 33, Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. Believing that Britain was soon about to declare the whole area a protectorate, Lüderitz advised the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to claim it. Der Präsident wird in Namibia immer alle fünf Jahre direkt vom Volk gewählt. Die deutschen Siedler wollten sich nur ihr Land zu Nutze machen, indem sie die Bevölkerung knechteten oder vertrieben. Geburtstag Wilhelm Fink. The painted stone plates that exist from that time not only prove that these settlements existed, they also belong among the oldest works of art in the world. In 1884 Bismarck did so, thereby establishing German South West Africa as a colony (Deutsch-Südwestafrika in German). [citation needed] As with the Oorlams, they were forced northwards by the expansion of white settlers when, in 1868, a group of about 90 families crossed the Orange River into Namibia. "Die Schatten der Vergangenheit": Kolonialzeit und Geschichtspolitik in Bernhard Jaumanns Namibia-Krimis. Eine. Sam Nujoma was reelected as president in 1999, winning the election, that had a 62.1% turnout with 76.82%. One of the first European groups to show interest in Namibia were the missionaries. Following the League's supersession by the United Nations in 1946, South Africa refused to surrender its earlier mandate to be replaced by a United Nations Trusteeship agreement, requiring closer international monitoring of the territory's administration. In: ERNST, T. and MEIN, G., eds., Literatur als Interdiskurs: Realismus und Normalismus, Interkulturalität und Intermedialität von der Moderne bis zur Gegenwart. They rarely ventured south to the central parts of the country, since the conditions there did not suit their farming way of life, but they extensively traded their knives and agricultural implements. Deutsch-Südwestafrika war die einzige der deutschen Kolonien, in der sich eine nennenswerte Anzahl deutscher Siedler niederließ. The Namib is partly rocky and partly (in the central stretch) dunes. These tragic events, known as the Herero and Namaqua Genocide, resulted in the death of between 24,000 and 65,000 Herero (estimated at 50% to 70% of the total Herero population) and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population). This counter-insurgency unit was formed by South Africa after the adoption of UNSCR 435, and was not, therefore, mentioned in the Settlement Proposal or related documents. In addition, US moves seemed to encourage the South Africans to delay independence by taking initiatives that would keep the Soviet-Cubans in Angola, such as dominating large tracts of southern Angola militarily while at the same time providing surrogate forces for the Angolan opposition movement, UNITA. But colonial settlement in the area was limited, and neither the Dutch nor the British penetrated far into the country. Indpendence: from1990: In the elections held in 1989 SWAPO wins 57% of the vote. [25] In 1811 they founded the town Bethanie in southern Namibia, where they built a church, which was long considered to be Namibia's oldest building,[5] before the site at ǁKhauxaǃnas which pre-dates European settlement was recognised. Klima, Natur und Wirtschaft in Namibia - Geowissenschaften / Geographie - Geographie als Schulfach - Referat 2001 - ebook 0,- € - GRIN In 1872 they founded the "Free Republic of Rehoboth" and adopted a constitution stating that the nation should be led by a "Kaptein" directly elected by the people, and that there should be a small parliament, or Volkraad, consisting of three directly-elected citizens.[4]. Für Namibia endete die Kolonialzeit erst vor 20 Jahren: Als letztes Land auf dem Kontinent wurde das ehemalige Deutsch-Südwest ein selbstständiger Staat. Stone artifacts, human figures, and animals such as giraffes, rhinoceroses, and zebras are depicted. The US Government's role as mediator was both critical and disputed throughout the period, one example being the intense efforts in 1984 to obtain withdrawal of the South African Defence Force (SADF) from southern Angola. The Security Council, in its resolution of 29 August, therefore demanded the disbanding of Koevoet and dismantling of its command structures. In the Brandberg Mountains, there are numerous rock paintings, most of them originating from around 2000 B.C. Für Namibia endete die Kolonialzeit erst vor 20 Jahren: Als letztes Land auf dem Kontinent wurde das ehemalige "Deutsch-Südwest" ein selbstständiger Staat.
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