From the mystical Akan historical accounts of the Ga peoples; ... which extends its branch to the children of couples of alien origins as far as the law of succession among the Ga tribe proper [ie. Possibly to defend one’s culture, ones identity, ones history, the chiefs are trying to fill a gap of cultural leadership. The Homestead is a collection of Sukuma cultural artefacts donated by individual members of the Bana Cesilia. Sukuma tradition says they drove out the Hima who subsequently established their kingdoms farther west, around Lake Victoria. The hoe would be anointed with python fat, red ocher, rain medicine and wild honey. Ntemi Masanja is also preparing to resume the shaving of his head in 1996 as did Ntemi Kishosha Kapunda of Nw’wagala in Magu district. London, New York Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, ... African Historical Studies, 4, 1 (1971), 93-114. His main area of interest is research and has dedicated much of his time delving into the history of the Vaiphei tribe.. Read more. The royal residence that Ntemi Masanja is building, will be a traditional itemelo which is very similar to the round Sukuma home seen here built by the healer Mbula, but much larger. The Sukuma Museum is uniquely Sukuma, drawing inspiration from the ancient traditional practices of Tanzania’s biggest tribe. The Sukuma people are closely related to the Nyamwezi, Tanzania’s second largest ethnic group, centred in the Tabora region. Most groups performed with different farming implements, while others used distinctive objects such as pythons. This could be the first reference to the term Sukuma, which henceforth evolved into the cultural group now known as the Sukuma. 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According to the Sukuma themselves, before the The magico-religious or semi-divine relationships are revealed to his subjects in a number of ceremonies, such as those taking place at his enthronement, before battle, during a period of pestilence, at the birth of twins, and especially during the seasonal ceremonies connected with the annual agricultural cycle. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TSWANA 2.1 . Recently Chief Kishina of Bulima organized a reinstallment ceremony and his royal regalia was made up of things passed down to him and hisroyal ministershad made other traditional shitongelejo. Bujora Cultural Centre – Kisesa, Mwanza, Tanzania. Tanzania boasts of a rich cultural diversity, with over 120 indigenous ethnic groups and over 100 different dialects spoken across the country. The Sukuma place great value on the institution of marriage, and as such, their wedding traditions are of great importance. He invited his four sisters (one being Minza) to join him and it was these sisters who settled what was to become the Sukuma, Ntuzu and Ng’wagala Chiefdoms and the immigrants from Lukulanga followed soon after. Many decades ago, the Sukuma used to organise dance competitions featuring different clans, each trying to win over the audience with innovative props. Kugabila Ha Mashigo ga Batemi – Offering at chief’s graves. ————Are you at Peace? They believed that Nkanda had medicine to make people and animal fear him, as well as medicine to protect against crocodiles that often spoiled their fishing nets, and the ability to make rain. As Tanzania has accelerated its movement toward democracy, the multi-party system, increased its communication networks and opened its economy the need for a Tanzanian and Sukuma cultural identity has increased. How about the fact that the Sukuma used to dance (and still do) while cuddling a live python? Sukuma means "north" and refers to "people of the north." Or did you know that in the traditional Sukuma culture it was a taboo to kill a snake because for a human being to encounter one was considered a blessing? Nali Mhola ———– Peace. preservation of cultural heritage in Sukuma tribe. The Sukuma tribe is the biggest in Tanzania, found in several groups on or near the Southern shores of Lake Victoria. Along with these specialist, he also depended on advice and expertise of the Balongo or blacksmiths. Why are these chiefs renewing traditional customs, making new shitongelejo, and building traditional royal residences for the old Sukuma ceremonies? Some of these items may also be included in the shitongelejo of any member of the chiefdom and reflects the importance of the relationship with ones ancestors and forms a common link among all the people and the royal family. In precolonial times a newly designated Sukuma Ntemi went through the following series of ceremonies or rights of passage. Above this an inverted pot was placed and then four horns of the lala, a gazelle, facing to north, south, east and west. 925 The Polynesian navigator, Kupe, discovers New Zealand in the Matahorua canoe. This magico-religious relationship was transcended through royal ceremonies and shitongelejo which are sacred objects passed down from ones ancestors. Sukuma Law and Custom, with a foreword by J.P.Moffett. Throughout these periods of extreme transformation and diversity many royal families did not relinquish their royal regalia even though the political conditions forced the objects literally underground where many, unfortunately, were destroyed by nature and the environment. ——— what is the name of your family? Those who wish to stay the night at the museum pay Tsh10,000 for a cottage per night. Ignatius Manyama Pambe in his dissertation on Sukuma culture explains that concepts like “spirits,” “spirit possession,” “spirit of ancestors,” and “medicines” are considered to be sources of “power,” “ability,” or simply “mystical magical power,” and are essential to the “rituals and the symbols which help in making the “chief, traditional doctor, and blacksmith.” Through the symbolic, the consecrated, the traditional and with the medicine of the traditional doctors, the manufacturing (hoes and spear heads) and fire making of the blacksmiths and the creation of mhola and rain by the chief, these authorities controlled the spiritual and economic vitality of their communities. Their exogenous customs combined with the indigenous people are now considered Wasukuma. Early on, the Sukuma culture traded with neighboring chiefdoms such as the Baganda, in modern day Uganda. The open-air museum, which is under the management of the Bujora Parish Catholic Church, charges entrance fees of Tsh15,000 for non-East Africans, Tsh10,000 for East Africans who are non-Tanzanians and Tsh3,000 for locals. Their societal role is not political, but reflects an increased interest in culture, in Kiswahili utamuduni, which may be experiencing a unique renaissance in Usukuma. Also quite interesting is the hut of the medicine man, which features photographs of some well-known Sukuma traditional healers holding some of their tools of the trade such as cow horns. Sukuma families have migrated southward, into Rukwa area encroaching on the territory of the Pimbwe and these Sukuma have settled outside Pimbwe villages. In fact the first oral account which was passed down by a member of the Sukuma chiefdom and heroizes the chiefdoms families link to Nkanda and the origins of the Wasukuma and the second is told from the perspective of a Sukuma from Ntuzu. The country of Tanzania is low-lying coastal plains, a dry highland plateau, northern savannas, and cool, well-watered regions in the northwest and south. The relationship of the royal court of the chief with the balongo (Blacksmiths) and the bafumu (Traditional Doctors) was pyramidal and linked spiritually and economically. This ruling strategy of the British crushed the political future of the chiefs because while trying to preserve what was left of their authority, the chiefs sacrificed their spiritual and economic power and mandate. The northern area … In this way the semi-divine chief was shielded from daily criticism, but if the circumstances continued to deteriorate it was possible that the chief could be dethroned. SOITINKHUP VAIPHEI . Nearly every clan (luganda) and chiefdom formed before or after Nkanda’s era tends to claim his lineage and thus perpetuates the importance of the Babinza and Balongo (clan of blacksmiths) link to Usukuma. The second chapter is about literature review which consists of conceptual framework, and ... background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, research objective, ... life histories or historical narratives. The traditional Sukuma house was windowless and had a tiny door that was just about three feet high, meaning that one had to bend down a great deal in order to enter the house. In view of the fact that most of us are not aware of our true genealogical background; and we are eager to know it; in view of the fact that our local elders … The greeting is answered by the family name of the persons grandfather which reflects the continuing importance of Sukuma loyalty to their chiefdom and family and also aided parents during matchmaking by avoiding marriage within a clan. “But these snakes have been treated and are no longer poisonous,” he says. Emily-Abroad-bent wrote a review Mar 2019. These tribes were to be treated autonomously in their own regions with minimal interference by the Voortrekkers in tribal matters. It can be made with or without meat. “We still have one dance group at the centre that performs with the pythons as a way of preserving our culture,” says Mugongo, adding that sometimes dancers deliberately let the deadly snake bite them just for effect. In most chiefdoms the chiefs controlled the ivory trade, received tribute from community members, controlled the use of fire with the assistance of the Balongo and depended on the traditional doctors for medicine or dawa. 2 Helpful votes. Their ancestors are believed to have migrated into Tanzania from present-day’s Uganda, beginning about the 17 tn century. Kwolechiwa Ku Banhu – Presentation to the people. Eventually, as Mzee Mkamba, a member of the Bujora Research Committee, tells the story, Nkanda was invited by the Waruli, the indigenous culture, to become their chief. Zwangendaba Jele or Gumbi of isithakazelo Phakathi was leader of the Mfekane sub-clan of the Ndwandwe who were ruled over by Zwide Nxumalo, the son of Langa. You can find many historical information about Sukuma! Kufunya na Kusanja Mbiyu – Bringing out and mixing of the seeds. Sukuma Museum: Experience the Living of the Sukuma Tribe - See 43 traveler reviews, 22 candid photos, and great deals for Mwanza, Tanzania, at Tripadvisor. Kumula Ntemi – Anointing the chief. In order to better understand Mphezeni and his contending brothers we need some historical background to explain the critical events. Tuesday, November 27, 2007 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE VAIPHEI TRIBE SOITINKHUP VAIPHEI ABOUT THE AUTHOR Mr. Soitinkhup Vaiphei (IPS). Ng’wa Fumbuka —- Fumbuka (Sukuma name of the founder of the Museum). Kufunya Ngoye – Blessing of the home during rethatching of home. These intermediaries would usually take the blame if mhola was challenged and would be punished for mistakes, poor predictions, or bad advice that the Ntemi may have acted upon. Ngole wa Lwambe – For one night ntemi sleeps with this woman chosen from royal family. Ntemi Kishina of Bulima continues to make offerings for good rain and claims great success for 1994 and 1995 which were excellent years for rain. In his native tongue, Nkanda spoke the words “Lnye Nsukumala aha,” which means let us rest or stay here. Thus the traditional authorities that supported the chief slowly became no longer relevant and the chief “became a member of a different hierarchy, that of colonial administration, where all initiatives came from the top down and could be implemented without the consensus of the population.” The historical effect of the British “Indirect Rule” that attempted to purge “native law and customs of all that offends against justice and morality” was that the chiefs became civil servants, the interface between chiefdom and Colonial authority. The Sukuma tribe. The word mhola derives from the Kisukuma verb Kuhola, to be healthy, thriving, and is also part of the Sukuma greeting of another person. The following list comprises many of the items that would be collected through the ages by an chief from his predecessor and ancestors. This is a place where you can get real information about Sukuma tribe! This includes cultural traditions that the colonial governments destroyed and that the revolutionary Independence government could not fully embrace for political reasons revolving around the necessity of unifying a nation of many different cultures. They are the largest ethnic group in Tanzania, with an estimated 10 million members or 16 percent of the country's total population. Placed at the peak of the thatched roof were two woven circular branches of the makamila tree. These groups were mostly responsible for consolidating the sparsely populated areas in the Lake Victoria region and the local clans under their leadership. “Even though he was a priest, David encouraged the use of traditional medicine, only that he did not like the way the Sukuma traditional healers diagnosed diseases – like by sacrificing chicken or through dreams,” Mugongo says. This is still known as Nsukumale (Sukumalaha) and has developed from the first Sukuma chiefdom into the fifty two chiefdoms of modern day Usukuma. By far the largest group in Tanzania, they are culturally and linguistically very similar to the Nyamwezi just south of them.. Items were often added to the collection of each new ntemi or queen (Queen) by the royal ministers. His main area of interest is research and has dedicated much of his time delving into the history of the Vaiphei tribe. The Sukuma tribe is located in Tanzania, Africa. "Igbo" as an ethnic identity developed comparatively recently, in the context of decolonisation and the Nigerian Civil War.The various Igbo-speaking communities were historically fragmented and decentralised; in the opinion of Chinua Achebe (2000), Igbo identity should be placed somewhere between a "tribe" and a "nation". The museum offers a detailed overview of the fascinating history of the Sukuma. Today, royal traditions are preserved in the Royal Pavilion of the Sukuma Museum. Kung’wanila Ntemi – Enthronement. Uli mhola? This recalls the role of the early chiefs in blessing the land at the beginning of each cultivation season, when the land was cleared and could also refer to the cutting short of arguments following an important discussion by village elders. Dance was an integral part of the Sukuma culture. The chiefdoms in Usukuma began to consolidate in the 16th century. They speak Sukuma, which belongs to the Bantu branch of the Niger-Congo family. The Sukuma have a mixed economy based largely on subsistence agriculture, though many also keep cattle. “We are called Sukuma because we came from the north. The Sukuma, commonly known as the tribe from the North, and the Nyamwezi, also known as the tribe from the south, were closely related ethnic groups who lived on the southern shores of Lake Victoria. Below are the most common wedding traditions of the Sukuma. The hoe represents the harvest; the earthen pot the plentitude of food, and the thorn twigs relates to the protection against the chiefdom’s enemies. The area is now known as Geita Dis-trict. Since its inception five decades ago, Sukuma Museum has served as a useful resource centre for those interested in learning about the rich traditional culture of the Sukuma, a people who still inhabit this area to this day. This current list of royal regalia which was collected during field research in 1995 and 1996 is interesting because of its similarity to a more ancient list of regalia passed down to Mzee Joseph Mahyegu Lupande (Bujora Cultural Center Manager) by his father from a very old oral account of the founding of Sukumalaha by Nkanda and the enthronement of the first chief, Sanga, in 1504. Whether or not one or both of these stories are true they shed light on the infamy of Nkanda and the importance of his role in the forming the identity of the Sukuma. first museum building, the Sukuma Home-stead, was dedicated to the Bana Cesilia and opened on 22 November 1968, the Feast day of St Cesilia. Located about 20 kilometres east of Mwanza is a special piece of the Sukuma tribe history and a must-visit destination for anyone travelling to this northern Tanzanian port city. The Sukuma museum is a cultural institution that promotes and celebrates the history, traditions and contemporary arts of the Sukuma tribe and is located in Mwanza city of Tanzania.It is a community based organisation that provides an interactive and educational learning environment where Sukuma elders teach younger generations the ways of the Sukuma people. Today’s chiefs have conceded that they indeed are trying to fill a gap of cultural leadership that has grown since Independence. The Art of Survival in East Africa: The Kerebe and Long-Distance Trade, 1800-1895. For instance, can you imagine that one of the drums that was made by King Songa in 1505 still exists? “That presented a very big challenge for an intruder because he couldn’t enter the house without being noticed first by its occupants.”. Kenyan Sukuma Wiki is a superb Kenyan cuisine way of cooking greens. They belong to the central Eastern Bantu and comprise, with the Nyamwezi and related tribes, a group very closely related in language and customs.” (2 pg1) “There is no tradition extant about the original inhabitants of the area. The first role of the Ntemi was to insure good rains and crops by conducting appropriate ceremonies at planting and harvest times. Find the perfect sukuma tribe stock photo. Let us take a detail note on historical background of the tribes in India. Ng’wa nani? Nkanda then journeyed back to his village, where his father to appointed Sanga, the son of Nkanda’s sister Minza, as leader for the region where he first rested. Moriori Takiroa, of the Wheteina tribe in Hawa`iki, has his canoe smash against the rocks at Rekohu (Chatham Islands). DURING THE ENTHRONEMENT THE CHIEF ELECT EXPERIENCED THE: Kufuha Maholelo – Blessing of royal regalia, singing of Kologosho, the bafumu song, and sacrifices to the great diviners like Luhinda. A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania.pdf Available via license: CC BY 4.0 Content may be subject to copyright. Historical Background [edit | edit source] Early dates are estimated. Utamaduni wa kilimo cha ujamaa umeenea sana kanda hiyo kama uonavyo hapo. There is no evidence of the original inhabitants of the Sukuma area, however according to the Hamitic Families the country was The tribal India lives in the forest hills and naturally isolated regions known as a rule by different names meaning either the people of the forest and hills or the originals inhabitants, and so on. Today many chiefs are becoming more visible and are taking active roles in their community and are participating in traditional ceremonies, such as the Busunzula or shaving of the chief ‘s hair at the beginning of the planting season. “Sukuma proper is inhabited by roughly 1,000,000 people. Sukuma Museum was established in 1968 by the late Father David Clement after the French-Canadian priest – who was back then in charge of the Bujora Parish Catholic Church – was impressed by the Sukuma way of life. Ethnicity in Tanzania is also a product of the geographic area, as each tribe is concentrated on various parts of the country. In the past, the strength of the chief resided in their ability to communicate with their ancestors for the welfare of the Chiefdom and not the colonial authorities. The Sukuma are said to have arrived in northwestern Tanzania as early as the 15th Century and conquered the natives of the area and established the Sukuma Kingdom here. Kundima – Apprehending of the candidate Date of experience: September 2019. © Sukuma Museum Bujora 2021 | Website build with, Profile and Mission Statement of the Sukuma Museum, En introduktion til Bujora kulturcenter i Mwanza, Tanzania, The History, Context and Identity of the Sukuma Museum, Bujora feautured in leading Danish newspaper, Video from Bujora by Tanzania Tourist Board. Arusha, Tanzania 107 contributions 51 helpful votes. The Sukuma refer to themselves as Basukuma (plural) and Nsukuma (singular). The chief was not infallible even though his subjects honored his sacred relationship which linked the powers of god and of his ancestors with the welfare of his people. A traditional hoe, one in the triangular shape of a spade was then placed within the arrangement. Another version of the same tale has Ilembo, also of Nyalukalanga, venturing to Seke in search of game. “His aim was to find a way of integrating the Sukuma culture with Christianity,” Mugongo says of the priest who installed black statues of Jesus and Virgin Mary in the Church as one of his ideas of blending the Sukuma culture with Christianity. During my visit I found three pythons that are nurtured from a small one-room house in the museum. To understand the traditional power and strength of the relationship of the chief and his chiefdom one must recognize that the key to sustaining power was controlling the state of mhola. Yet during the colonial period, the authority of the ntemi or chief did not come from maternal ancestors, his royal ministers, the traditional doctors or the consensus of the people, but from the influential colonial government. These changes were a mainstay of “Indirect Rule,” the British policy for ruling Tanzania and Usukuma that enabled the colonial government to influence the future chiefs through european style training and education. The Sukuma tribe is the largest of Tanzania, Africa. The Sukuma Museum is uniquely Sukuma, drawing inspiration from the ancient traditional practices of Tanzania’s biggest tribe. These people forged agricultural tools, weapons and controlled fire. At such occasions with the help of his first wife and of successful magico-religious practitioners, including rain-makers, he called upon his ancestors and other spiritual agencies to bring fertility to the fields, women and cattle…..The second role of the Ntemi was to maintain justice and peace, which meant the same thing in Sukuma society, as a just solution to a conflict which allowed two parties involved to be reconciled with one another.”. As Minza was either Nkanda’s mother, sister, or wife it becomes clear that under Nkanda’s leadership the consolidation of individual settlements emphasized the identity and traditions of the Babinza within Usukuma. The Sukuma are a Bantu-speaking people numbering over about 5.5 million, by current estimates. But, slowly, as in Magu and Nela chiefdoms, chiefs are resurfacing in Usukuma. Bumoga wa Ntemi (Busunzula) – Cutting of chief’s hair. A vehicle for … Kabila hili la Wasukuma linapatikana Kanda ya Ziwa, Mkoani Mwanza Nchini Tanzania. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Mr. Soitinkhup Vaiphei (IPS). Kuja Lombo – Hunting expedition. Their tribe is located on the northwestern part of Tanzania, hence their name “Sukuma”meaning the people of the North. But while the traditional Sukuma dwelling is certainly attention-grabbing, it isn’t the only thing that attracts at least 200 visitors to this museum per week. “Sukuma means northerners,” says Felix Mugongo, a Sukuma who works as a guide at the museum. Sukumaland lies to the northeast, with over 250,000 people in … The uniqueness of this renaissance lies in the dynamic social and political changes that are spreading through Usukuma during the current Post-Independence period of Tanzanian history. Historical background Terminology and origin of the tribe The Fulani or Hilani tribe in Hausa language or Fulbe from their own Fulfulde/ Pulaar language mostly used in French, Fula, Fulah or Foulah from Manding languages, and Peul borrowed by the French language to the Wolof one, and its mere origin is a source of debate. The role of the chief in Usukuma has gone through many transformations since the Sixteenth Century when the area began to be organized by hierarchical chiefdoms and not villages. Traditionally, the chief was chosen among the son of the daughters of the previous chief. The list should be understood as a broad classification and not literal as each Sukuma chief and queen may have had some of these shitongelejo, all, or others that may be particularly symbolic to the family, clan, or chiefdom. Nkanda declined the offer, because the customs of his people, the Balongo and Bazinza demanded that a leader be an offspring of the daughter, matrilineal descendent of the Chief. During the German (1860s -1916 ) and British (1916-1961) Colonial periods the traditional mode of succession since the first Sukuma Chief Sanga was interrupted to help secure support for colonial policies. Sukuma tribe snake dancer The Sukuma live in northwestern Tanzania on or near the southern shores of Lake Victoria, and various areas administrative districts of the Mwanza, southwestern tip of Mara Region, Simiyu Region and Shinyanga Region. If the Chiefdom was in a state of mhola the chief’s position was secure and if not he could be dethroned in favor of another family member. The British also created the Sukuma Federation of Chiefdoms which brought together the Sukuma chiefs to discuss government policy in Malya. “For instance,” he says, “when someone died the drum was played to call people to assembly, where the death announcement would be made.”. Sukuma, Bantu-speaking people inhabiting the area of Tanzania south of Lake Victoria between Mwanza Gulf and the Serengeti Plain. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE BASUKUMA OF MWANZA, TANZANIA The Basukuma originated from the Balongo tribe who lived on the Western side of lake Victoria. It also was a way to neutralize the power of the royal ministers against colonial policies and increase that of the chief who was biased by his new education and possibly pleased to gain power at the expense of the royal ministers. The Sukuma are said to have arrived in northwestern Tanzania as early as the 15th Century and conquered the natives of the area and established the Sukuma Kingdom here. The German colonial government often placed “Akidas” or non-indigenous coastal leaders in power and the British pressured the Sukuma chiefdoms of Usukuma to place the eldest son on the throne or to elect a man from the royal family at the death of the chief. The Sukuma are a patrilineal society; the role of the women being to take care of their husbands and children while men are overseer of the family [27,28]. © Chwezi Traveller 2019. The residents of this country, including the Sukuma Tribe, have to adapt to these environmental factors. On the eve of independence, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere explained that “We tell the chiefs frankly that their authority is traditional only in the tribes, Tanganyka is not a traditional unit at all, and if the chiefs want to have a place in this thing we call Tanganyika, they have got to adapt themselves to this new situation, there is nothing traditional in the central government of Tanganyka.” Considering that the authority of the chief was traditional and sanctioned by the British it was not surprising that in 1961 at independence the newly formed Tanzanian government extinguished the political power of the chief and the Sukuma Federation of chiefs. Mashuda Na mbina ja Ndabaliga – Peoples feast and dancing. If the kitchen is the heart of the home, cooking is the art of the home. In Nela, Ntemi Masanja is having new royal drums made and is building a new traditional royal residence or in Kisukuma an itemelo which when built will be the only one in Usukuma.
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