Karam calculates that the neutrino radiation dose at a distance of one parsec[6]3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. The physicist who mentioned this problem to me told me his rule of thumb for estimating supernova-related numbers: However big you think supernovae are, they're bigger than that. $\endgroup$ – DarkDust Jun 27 '17 at 7:45. It explains that during certain supernovae, the collapse of a stellar core into a neutron star, 1057 neutrinos can be released (one for every proton in the star that collapses to become a neutron). The detonation of a hydrogen bomb pressed against your eyeball? 1 ... $\begingroup$ I think gold is mostly formed in neutron star collisions. 3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. To detect neutrinos, people build giant tanks filled with hundreds of tons of material in the hopes that they'll register the impact of a single solar neutrino. At some point, our growing Earth would reach the point where adding more mass causes it to contract, rather than expand. Karam calculates that the neutrino radiation dose at a distance of one parsec[6]3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. [5]Karam, P. Andrew. If you observed a supernova from 1 AU away—and you somehow avoided being being incinerated, vaporized, and converted to some type of exotic plasma—even the flood of ghostly neutrinos would be dense enough to kill you. Look at your hand—there are about a trillion neutrinos from the Sun passing through it every second. To detect neutrinos, people build giant tanks filled with hundreds of tons of material in the hopes that they'll register the impact of a single solar neutrino. In fact, neutrinos are so shadowy that the entire Earth is transparent to them; nearly all of the Sun's neutrino flood goes straight through it unaffected. The most common way for a star under 8 solar masses to become a supernova is if it isn't left to itself - it gets extra mass from a companion star. Are fire tornadoes possible?His responses are masterpieces of clarity and wit, gleefully and accurately explaining everything from the relativistic effects of a baseball pitched at near the speed of light to the many horrible ways you could die while building a periodic table out of all the actual elements.The book features new and never-before-answered questions, along with the most popular answers from the xkcd website.What If? 3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. $\begingroup$ Obligatory "What if"/xkcd entry. This means that when a particle accelerator (which produces neutrinos) wants to send a neutrino beam to a detector somewhere else in the world, all it has to do is point the beam at the detector—even if it's on the other side of the Earth! At what point do these two unimaginable things cancel out to produce an effect on a human scale? Updated erratically, he answers off-the-wall reader questions using math, science, and xkcd-style cartoons. Is there any way to fire a gun so that the bullet flies through the air and can then be safely caught by hand? That's why this is a neat question; supernovae are unimaginably huge and neutrinos are unimaginably insubstantial. If you shot a bullet with the mass of a neutron star at the ground what would happen? I found the starlings-collapsing-into-a-star example interesting. A paper by radiation expert Andrew Karam provides an answer. [3]If you want to be mean to first-year calculus students, you can ask them to take the derivative of ln(x)e dx. Millions of people visit xkcd.com each week to read Randall Munroe’s iconic webcomic. Light can escape a neutron star, but not much else can. DavRob60. In fact, neutrinos are so shadowy that the entire Earth is transparent to them; nearly all of the Sun's neutrino flood goes straight through it unaffected. Applying the physicist rule of thumb suggests that the supernova is brighter. But before it gets that far ... t = 300 years: That's why the phrase "lethal dose of neutrino radiation" sounds weird—it mixes scales in an incongruous way. The physicist who mentioned this problem to me told me his rule of thumb for estimating supernova-related numbers: However big you think supernovae are, they're bigger than that. As mentioned above, gravity is actually way wayyyyyyy way weaker than electromagnetism -- something like 10 37 times weaker actually. serving as a sort of Dear Abby for mad scientists—I draw xkcd, a stick-figure webcomic. Fans of xkcd ask Munroe a lot of strange questions. READ PAPER. provide that scenario. Health Physics 82, no. Las Vegas Non-Fiction Book Club Discussion Questions Meeting Date: November 17, 2015. Core collapse supernovae happen to giant stars, so if you observed a supernova from that distance, you'd probably be inside the outer layers of the star that created it. Which would still be less than 1% of the ants in the world. Since a neutron star or a black hole is held together by intense gravity, a neutral zone between the objects would allow the the material to escape and possibly create a "mini bang". An interesting, quick and fun read by xkcd author Monroe that attempts to seriously answer some really odd questions. So, if a lightsaber can cut through that, they can sure as hell melt a … would be around half a nanosievert, or 1/500th the dose from eating a banana. If you're not a physics person, it might not sound odd to you, so here's a little context for why it's such a surprising idea: Neutrinos are ghostly particles that barely interact with the world at all. If it's going fast enough, a feather can absolutely knock you over. Health Physics 82, no. Except for black holes, and some hypothetical objects (e.g. [1]Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. It's like the idiom "knock me over with a feather" or the phrase "football stadium filled to the brim with ants". And indeed, it is ... by nine orders of magnitude. [7] xkcd.com/radiation. That's why the phrase "lethal dose of neutrino radiation" sounds weird—it mixes scales in an incongruous way. [2]Which would still be less than 1% of the ants in the world. A neutron star’s gravity is not as strong as a black hole’s, but it’s close. provide that scenario. This means that when a particle accelerator (which produces neutrinos) wants to send a neutrino beam to a detector somewhere else in the world, all it has to do is point the beam at the detector—even if it's on the other side of the Earth! I eventually left NASA to draw comics full-time, but my interest in … I had to turn it over in my head a few times after I heard it. Randall has a Twitter feed, @whatifnumbers, of numbers he comes up with while writing the blog. The phrase "lethal dose of neutrino radiation" is a weird one. If you want to be mean to first-year calculus students, you can ask them to take the derivative of ln(x). I went to school for physics, and after graduating, I worked on robotics atNASA. When the core of a massive star undergoes gravitational collapse at the end of its life, protons and electrons are literally scrunched together, leaving behind one of nature's most wondrous creations: a neutron star. Applying the physicist rule of thumb suggests that the supernova is brighter. It looks like it should be "1" or something, but it's not. 2.3 AU is a little more than the distance between the Sun and Mars. Prev; Next; Catch! One sugar cube of neutron star matter would weigh about 1 hundred million tons on the Earth. Similarly, it's so hard to get enough neutrinos to compel even a single one of them to interact with matter, making it hard to picture a scenario in which there'd be enough of them to affect you. Statistically, my first neutrino interaction probably happened somewhere around age 10. Potential Service Life of ChaCha20? Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. Karam calculates that the neutrino radiation dose at a distance of one parsec [6] 3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. Using the inverse-square law, we can calculate the radiation dose: (Density is the amount of matter in 1 cubic meter.) would be around half a nanosievert, or 1/500th the dose from eating a banana. The phrase "lethal dose of neutrino radiation" is a weird one. ... star-trek xkcd. e.g. I had to turn it over in my head a few times after I heard it. The reason you don't notice the neutrino flood is that neutrinos hardly interact with ordinary matter at all. 4 (2002): 491-499. is an informative feast for xkcd … [1]Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. "Supernovii" is discouraged. His book, What If: Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical… [2]Which would still be less than 1% of the ants in the world. At what point do these two unimaginable things cancel out to produce an effect on a human scale? Consequently, the binding energy required for an electrically bound system is also much, much greater than the binding energy required for a gravitationally bound … It is likely that the maximum neutron-star mass is determined by the stiffness of the EOS, and is expected to be about.5 solar masses. Less often if you're a child, since you have fewer atoms to be hit. white holes, quark stars, and strange stars), neutron stars are the smallest and densest currently known class of stellar objects. Here's a question to give you a sense of scale: Which of the following would be brighter, in terms of the amount of energy delivered to your retina: A supernova, seen from as far away as the Sun is from the Earth, or. More details. "Gamma And Neutrino Radiation Dose From Gamma Ray Bursts And Nearby Supernovae." It's like the idiom "knock me over with a feather" or the phrase "football stadium filled to the brim with ants". This means you're free to copy and share these comics (but not to sell them). The sun doesn't have a companion star though. The detonation of a hydrogen bomb pressed against your eyeball? [5]Karam, P. Andrew. Core collapse supernovae happen to giant stars, so if you observed a supernova from that distance, you'd probably be inside the outer layers of the star that created it. If you have a math background, it's sort of like seeing the expression "ln(x)e"—it's not that, taken literally, it doesn't make sense, but it's hard to imagine a situation where it would apply. Some of the questions in the book took longer. A neutron star is the collapsed core of a massive supergiant star, which had a total mass of between 10 and 25 solar masses, possibly more if the star was especially metal-rich. [7] xkcd.com/radiation. It comes from the creator of XKCD, a humorous science focused comic (there are some sketches below). 4 (2002): 491-499. However, if the star is larger than 8 solar masses, its different. A star made of starlings would be very deficient in hydrogen, and it would contain practically no helium whatsoever. Randall Munroe is the author of the xkcd webcomic and an ex-NASA roboticist. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.5 License. Similarly, it's so hard to get enough neutrinos to compel even a single one of them to interact with matter, making it hard to picture a scenario in which there'd be enough of them to affect you. So our cubic meter of neutron star matter would weight about three to six hundred million billion kilograms. ... Why Does The Charge Of Proton Not Transfer To Neutron? What if Sun/White Dwarf/Neutron Star collided with UY Scuti - largest known star, that has over 7 AU of radius. Wouldn't the binding energy of, say, a neutron star be greater than that of this imaginary doomsday moon? It markets itself as answering absurd hypothetical question in a serious scientific way and it really does, the science seems sound and the questions are, as promised, ridiculous. Statistically, my first neutrino interaction probably happened somewhere around age 10. On average, out of that massive flood, only one neutrino will "hit" an atom in your body every few years. Neutron stars also have a minimum mass limit. Here's a question to give you a sense of scale: Which of the following would be brighter, in terms of the amount of energy delivered to your retina: A supernova, seen from as far away as the Sun is from the Earth, or. Karam calculates that the neutrino radiation dose at a distance of one parsec [6] 3.262 light-years, or a little less than the distance from here to Alpha Centauri. He is the creator of the webcomic xkcd, which after leaving NASA, he has devoted himself to full time. His stick-figure drawings about science, technology, language, and love have a large and passionate following. is a blog by Randall Munroe, the creator of the Stick-Figure Comic xkcd. However, it could spew out increasingly intense radiation for 96 years . Questions like can a submarine survive in orbit. The outer layers of a red giant or supergiant star are, although hot, extremely tenuous. In particular, there was a question about what would happen if you tried to touch a small object — a bullet — that was as dense as a neutron star. The reason you don't notice the neutrino flood is that neutrinos hardly interact with ordinary matter at all. - called a type 1 (or 1a) supernova. A fatal radiation dose is about 4 sieverts. Gamma And Neutrino Radiation Dose From Gamma Ray Bursts And Nearby Supernovae. Which would still be less than 1% of the ants in the world. 309 votes, 63 comments. Gravity on a neutron star is a couple of billion times stronger than gravity on Earth. $\endgroup$ – RoyC Jun 26 at 10:16 $\begingroup$ I looked stuff up on XKCD too and mass of proton (which is equal to a neutron, also looked up neutron star) so my object is going to be very heavy, DENSE! \[ 0.5\text{ nanosieverts} \times\left ( \frac{1\text{ parsec}}{x}\right )^2 = 5\text{ sieverts} \] Munroe finds that the neutron bullet would make a crater on the surface of the Earth and then travel all the way to the Earth’s … /r/xkcd is the subreddit for the popular webcomic xkcd by Randall Munroe. I've always wondered what would happen if two neutron stars or two black holes got too close together and created a gravity neutral zone. He's also published a … Statistically, my first neutrino interaction probably happened somewhere around age 10. The trick is that the bullet’s density is equal the density of a neutron star. To put this in perspective, A cubic meter of neutron star would be completely fine in the face of a nuclear bomb, even at ground zero, due to the incredible gravitational binding energy holding it together. "Supernovas" is also fine. Look up neutron star. If it's going fast enough, a feather can absolutely knock you over. If you … The Empire State Building weighs 365,000 imperial tons, or about 332,000 metric tons. Lets say in moment of collision stars would travel dead into center of UY Scuti at 10% of c. Unrelated question: What if 50 km ball of Iron flew trough Venus atmosphere at speed of 100 km/s? would be around half a nanosievert, or 1/500th the dose from eating a banana.[7]xkcd.com/radiation. How close would you have to be to a supernova to get a lethal dose of neutrino radiation? "Supernovii" is discouraged. Gamma And Neutrino Radiation Dose From Gamma Ray Bursts And Nearby Supernovae. used for questions which directly refer to or are inspired by XKCD or related material. 10 Full PDFs related to this paper. Come to … The idea of neutrino radiation damage reinforces just how big supernovae are. Please enable your ad blockers, disable high-heat drying, and remove your device It is strong enough to bend radiation (gravity lensing); astronomers can see behind them! xkcd.com is best viewed with Netscape Navigator 4.0 or below on a Pentium 3±1 emulated in Javascript on an Apple IIGS at a screen resolution of 1024x1. "Supernovas" is also fine. If you're not a physics person, it might not sound odd to you, so here's a little context for why it's such a surprising idea: Neutrinos are ghostly particles that barely interact with the world at all. Supernovae[4]"Supernovas" is also fine. Statistically, my first neutrino interaction probably happened somewhere around age 10. As material within a pulsar accelerates within the magnetosphere of a pulsar, the neutron star produces gamma-ray emission. One day, enough mass reached, collapse! Author Bio: Randall Patrick Munroe is an American webcomic author/artist and former NASA roboticist. From the creator of the wildly popular webcomic xkcd, hilarious and informative answers to important questions you probably never thought to ask Millions of people visit xkcd.com each week to read Randall Munroe’s iconic webcomic. If you observed a supernova from 1 AU away—and you somehow avoided being being incinerated, vaporized, and converted to some type of exotic plasma—even the flood of ghostly neutrinos would be dense enough to kill you. It looks like it should be "1" or something, but it's not. How close would you have to be to a supernova to get a lethal dose of neutrino radiation? what-if-randall-munroe.pdf Stargazers Lounge Uses Cookies. \[ x=0.00001118\text{ parsecs}=2.3\text{ AU} \] The idea of neutrino radiation damage reinforces just how big supernovae are. It explains that during certain supernovae, the collapse of a stellar core into a neutron star, 1057 neutrinos can be released (one for every proton in the star that collapses to become a neutron). Hawking radiation from a black hole with "neutron bullet" mass (equivalent to the Empire State Building) would be vicious, equivalent to .78 megatons of TNT per second. "Supernovii" is discouraged. A paper by radiation expert Andrew Karam provides an answer. If you have a math background, it's sort of like seeing the expression "ln(x)e"—it's not that, taken literally, it doesn't make sense, but it's hard to imagine a situation where it would apply. Using the inverse-square law, we can calculate the radiation dose: I didn’t start out making comics. Look at your hand—there are about a trillion neutrinos from the Sun passing through it every second. During the formation of a neutron star, usually in the form of an initial inward implosion, the neutron degeneracy (basically the impossibility of neutron of occupying the same space because of fundamental constraints in physics that are studied by quantum mechanics) stops the implosion and redirects the shockwave outwards, thus producing a Supernova explosion. What if you tried to hit a … [3]If you want to be mean to first-year calculus students, you can ask them to take the derivative of ln(x)e dx. "Supernovii" is discouraged. \[ 0.5\text{ nanosieverts} \times\left ( \frac{1\text{ parsec}}{x}\right )^2 = 5\text{ sieverts} \] If you want to be mean to first-year calculus students, you can ask them to take the derivative of ln(x). Neutron stars cram roughly 1.3 to 2.5 solar masses into a city-sized sphere perhaps 20 kilometers (12 miles) across. I note, however, that all stars that we know of, except some burnt-out specimens like white dwarfs and neutron stars, are made up predominantly of hydrogen and helium. That's why this is a neat question; supernovae are unimaginably huge and neutrinos are unimaginably insubstantial. And indeed, it is ... by nine orders of magnitude. The minimum stable neutron-star mass is about 0.1 solar masses, although a more realistic minimum stems from a neutron star’s origin in a super- nova. "Gamma And Neutrino Radiation Dose From Gamma Ray Bursts And Nearby Supernovae." After this point, it would collapse into something like a sputtering white dwarf or neutron star, and then—if its mass kept increasing—eventually become a black hole. Supernovae[4]"Supernovas" is also fine. The power from the supernova that birthed it gives the star an extremely quick rotation, causing it to spin several times in a second. probably will crush everything with its … A fatal radiation dose is about 4 sieverts. 2.3 AU is a little more than the distance between the Sun and Mars. His short online comic strips, created in a simple stickman style and injected with plenty of wit, have become incredibly popular, particularly among scientists and mathematicians. shooter is at sea level and catcher is up … \[ x=0.00001118\text{ parsecs}=2.3\text{ AU} \] Like most websites, SGL uses cookies in order to deliver a secure, personalised service, to provide social media functions and to analyse our traffic. On average, out of that massive flood, only one neutrino will "hit" an atom in your body every few years. asked May 24 '11 at 14:45. would be around half a nanosievert, or 1/500th the dose from eating a banana.[7]xkcd.com/radiation. 138k members in the xkcd community. What If? Neutron stars are the extremely dense remnants of very massive stars.
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