[229] In 2009 Europe remained the wealthiest region. [107][108] Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines,[109] and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period. (2017), p 59; Jacob Franks "The Blu Banana - the True Heart of Europe" In: Big Think Edge, 31.12.2014; Zacharias Zacharakis: Chinas Anker in Europa in: Die Zeit 8. [59] The Greek city-state, the polis, was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece. [213] The Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Europe's central heating", because it makes Europe's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. It started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by the Yugoslav nationalist[165] Gavrilo Princip. [255] According to some sources,[256] this rate is higher among Muslims in Europe. However, his idea to use major rivers almost exclusively as the line of demarcation was never taken up by other geographers. At the time, Britain and France preferred a policy of appeasement. [133] The plunder of the empires of the Americas allowed Spain to finance religious persecution in Europe for over a century. The notion of "Europe" and the "Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom"; many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity. Instituée en 1999, la zone euro compte dix-neuf États en 2017. Around 1715, Herman Moll produced a map showing the northern part of the Ob River and the Irtysh River, a major tributary of the former, as components of a series of partly-joined waterways taking the boundary between Europe and Asia from the Turkish Straits and the Don River all the way to the Arctic Ocean. [182][183][184] The Soviet invasion of Poland started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter. Germany re-expanded and took back the Saarland and Rhineland in 1935 and 1936. In 1933, Hitler became the leader of Germany and began to work towards his goal of building Greater Germany. [53] The Corded Ware cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the Chalcolithic. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent, the Great Powers struggled to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. The war left more than 16 million civilians and military dead. This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies, while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part due to the cost of the Cold War. Europe has become a relatively secular continent, with an increasing number and proportion of irreligious, atheist and agnostic people, who make up about 18.2% of Europe's population,[285] currently the largest secular population in the Western world. [196][197][198], The two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year-long Cold War, centred on nuclear proliferation. The Mariner's mirror, Volumes 76–77. ευ, .ею: Site officiel ... l’euro (€). This and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought about the worldwide Great Depression. Vertrag von Nizza. Other countries might be seen by financial markets as being at risk of leaving. In Asia, European-derived populations, (specifically Russians), predominate in North Asia and some parts of Northern Kazakhstan.[267]. The richer states tend to be in the West; some of the Central and Eastern European economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the breakup of Yugoslavia. in World Cargo News, 17 December 2019; Hospers, Gert-Jan "Beyond the blue banana? The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak. The trade between East and West, as well as towards Asia, which had been disrupted for a long time by the two world wars, new borders and the Cold War, increased sharply after 1989. Michael Frank: Paneuropäisches Picknick – Mit dem Picknickkorb in die Freiheit (German: Pan-European picnic - With the picnic basket to freedom), in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 17 May 2010. C. Scribner, p. 400, "One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Routledge, p. 335. Berlin finally fell in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Expanding from their base in central Italy beginning in the third century BCE, the Romans gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranean Basin and Western Europe by the turn of the millennium. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. Î.Î", "Î ÎÎÎ ÎÎÎÎÎÎΠΦÎΡÎÎÎÎÎÎΣ ÎÎΣÎÎÎÎÎΤÎΣ", "In European crisis, Iceland emerges as an island of recovery", "Iceland starts to recover its voice after financial crisis", "Economic Crisis: The Global Impact of a Greek Default", "Wells Fargo Economics-Greece on the Brink", "Verbatim of the remarks made by Mario Draghi", "Thomas Piketty: 'Germany Has Never Repaid its Debts. They established the state of the Golden Horde with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Islam as a religion and ruled over modern-day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries. The conditions for growth are very favourable. [200][201][202] Germany was reunited, after the symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and the maps of Central and Eastern Europe were redrawn once more. The question was still treated as a "controversy" in geographical literature of the 1860s, with Douglas Freshfield advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the "best possible", citing support from various "modern geographers".[41]. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc. The powerful West Slavic state of Great Moravia spread its territory all the way south to the Balkans, reaching its largest territorial extent under Svatopluk I and causing a series of armed conflicts with East Francia. In the Iberian Peninsula, the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1492, ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule in the south-western peninsula. Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe's Bern Convention, which has also been signed by the European Community as well as non-European states. Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europe's limits to the east and northeast are usually taken to be the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea; to the southeast, the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. The second most popular religion is Islam (6%)[284] concentrated mainly in the Balkans and Eastern Europe (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Kazakhstan, North Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, North Caucasus, and the Volga-Ural region). The 1745 atlas published by the Russian Academy of Sciences has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as Serafimovich before cutting north towards Arkhangelsk, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as John Cary followed Strahlenberg's prescription. Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. The Age of Enlightenment, the subsequent French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars shaped the continent culturally, politically and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. [28] Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts, Europe, Asia, and Libya (Africa), with the Nile and the Phasis forming their boundaries—though he also states that some considered the River Don, rather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europe and Asia. After the staggering Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, the German offensive in the Soviet Union turned into a continual fallback. This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth. Climate tables of the articles, where the precise sources can be found, Global shipping and logistic chain reshaped as China’s Belt and Road dreams take off in Hellenic Shipping News, 4. Der 19. However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. The opening of the Iron Curtain at the Pan-European Picnic then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which the Eastern bloc, the Warsaw Pact and communism collapsed and the Cold War ended. [86] In Europe itself, the Church organised the Inquisition against heretics. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, in European Russia 5–10%. [124][125] Exploration reached the Southern Hemisphere in the Atlantic and the Southern tip of Africa. Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. [192] By the end of World War II, Europe had more than 40 million refugees. [143] According to Peter Barrett, "It is widely accepted that 'modern science' arose in the Europe of the 17th century (towards the end of the Renaissance), introducing a new understanding of the natural world. France capitulated in June 1940. The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. .eu, . [148][149] Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of the nation-state, as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of administration, law, and education. [207] In 1967 the EEC, European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom formed the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union. Although over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the broadleaf and mixed forests, taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean. Germanic languages are spoken in Western, Northern and Central Europe as well as in Gibraltar and Malta in Southern Europe. This number includes Siberia, (about 38 million people) but excludes European Turkey (about 12 million). This led in 962 to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, which eventually became centred in the German principalities of central Europe. [191] The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people (mostly civilians) during the war, about half of all World War II casualties. [19], There have been attempts to connect Eurṓpē to a Semitic term for "west", this being either Akkadian erebu meaning "to go down, set" (said of the sun) or Phoenician 'ereb "evening, west",[20] which is at the origin of Arabic Maghreb and Hebrew ma'arav. [44] However, most geographers in the Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest[45] and this became the common convention in the later 20th century, although the Kuma–Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th-century maps. The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. [2][3] The European climate is largely affected by warm Atlantic currents that temper winters and summers on much of the continent, even at latitudes along which the climate in Asia and North America is severe. [16][17][18] Broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. Euro zur Verfügung. It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased persecution of Jews, beggars, and lepers. Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Mingrelian, and Svan) are spoken primarily in Georgia. [166] Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (France, Belgium, Serbia, Portugal, Russia, the United Kingdom, and later Italy, Greece, Romania, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). [25] It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off. There is huge disparity between many European countries in terms of their income. The growing wealth and independence acquired by some coastal cities gave the Maritime Republics a leading role in the European scene. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLaiouMorisson2007 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPounds1979 (. [195] Particular hot spots after the Second World War were Berlin and Trieste, whereby the Free Territory of Trieste, founded in 1947 with the UN, was dissolved in 1954 and 1975 respectively. The prevalent form of government in Europe is parliamentary democracy, in most cases in the form of Republic; in 1815, the prevalent form of government was still the Monarchy. [66] Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages". Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities (or with the exception of Cape Verde and probably São Tomé and Príncipe, depending on context), but there are significant minorities, such as the White South Africans in South Africa. A number of insects, such as the small tortoiseshell butterfly, add to the biodiversity. It is notable how the average temperatures for the coldest month, as well as the annual average temperatures, drop from the west to the east. [170] Excess deaths in Russia over the course of World War I and the Russian Civil War (including the postwar famine) amounted to a combined total of 18 million. Gerald Mako, "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18, 2011, 199–223. During this period giant megalithic monuments, such as the Megalithic Temples of Malta and Stonehenge, were constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe. But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the Volga–Don Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. Euro bereit. Soon after, the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing large global empires in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. [66] The empire continued to expand under emperors such as Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, who spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting Germanic, Pictish and Scottish tribes.
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