33. It was also due to epidemic diseases such as smallpox and sleeping migraton that affected them. Ngoni history divides into three periods, and the traditions in each period, as they are told, form the people's thinking about that section of their past. The Tribal Culture of India (Vidyarthi & Rai, 1977) This study would be highlighting the important issues, linked to their cultural life, which the tribals are facing today. 10. To watch a chief working at one on the threshold of his hut, or a village headman and his friends cutting and shaping one in the kraal, is to realize the value put on them by the Ngoni. The anthropologist who looks for the reason why the distinctive Ngoni culture did not die out entirely after their military defeat and the advent of the whites, can see at least part of the reason supplied by the results of this economic exodus to work in the south. They keep constantly before them memories of their past greatness, and they dwell gloomily on the coming of the Europeans which marked the end of their ascendancy. They are conscious of, and troubled about, their present divisions and inclined to attribute them to our premature arrival in the country. A recent case in which a young chief, but a very important one, was summoned to the Paramount's court for insulting a Chewa woman, was made the occasion by the Paramount for a long public discourse on the present relations between Ngoni and Chewa, pointing out that an Ngoni chief whose Chewa subjects left him would 'spoil his country' and 'all his people would be ashamed'. They often referred to these differences as soon as they knew I was going from one Ngoni area to another, and it is evident that they are well aware that they met with different kinds of white contact. 4.This collecting of village plans was viewed with some suspicion at first as a new way of helping the Government to catch tax defaulters. 1. On one count they do concede superiority to the Europeans. 'All those in the country of Mpezeni are Ngoni. If their political aspirations were appreciated and their racial pride acknowledged, they could make a successful synthesis between Ngoni institutions and modern administration with its concomitants of modern education and modern economic methods. They themselves discuss frequently in the men's talking places in the villages such a synthesis of Ngoni and western culture. The war songs and regimental songs recall the great days of conquest, and are sung and danced in war dress at big gatherings at the Paramount's village or at other chief's villages. x�bb2b`b``Ń3� ���ţ�1# ��K Six years later old Mpezeni died, leaving his grandson, a comparatively young boy, as his successor. 9. One is a thorough intensive study of Ngoni society and Ngoni institutions as they exist today, and of the relation of the true Ngoni to those who call themselves Ngoni. These last were incorporated into the Ngoni state by the first group, who are still the ruling aristocracy, but the incorporated people now share in Ngoni 'national sentiment' and have made certain sociological changes in order to conform to Ngoni culture. The way in which they speak of chamtendere is itself significant. Herd boys will point out a river and say,' That is where Mtwalo built when he came from Choma ', or' That hill is where Singu hid in the Azungu war '. It is true though, I think, that at least in Mpezeni's country and possibly in the others, too, the Ngoni have not yet willingly made the mental adjustments necessary to white contact. 22. Art and Culture; Biographies; Africa; Classroom; Places; Timelines; Archives; Publications; go. Within that ordered relationship the different groups have pursued a process of preserving some customs and adopting others, and they can give a coherent account of what they have retained and what they have borrowed. So conscious was all this social engineering that old men to-day can give detailed accounts of the various processes, poli- tical, legal, military, by which the conquerors and conquered were brought under one rule.3 Borrowing a term from European history, it might almost be called nation-building. Contact Us Donate to … The Ngoni, originally from South Africa, escaped from the Boers and Zulus and settled in Eastern Zambia around 1850–1870. The praise songs are sung, or rather shouted, on special occasions, as when thanking the chief for beer, by members of important clans who alone know the words. The two Paramounts at present holding these titles are grandsons of the first holders, to whom I refer as old Mpezeni. Nor was the defeat in war their final humiliation. They brought with them a pattern of society from the south; they modified' it during their forty odd years of wandering and warfare; and they moulded it finally when they settled in their present areas. x�b```b``1e`a``�c�e@ ^�rLT`f`d�X����s��-u���N����gV6�]��^^��``�>������j&H3��;GpJA�*�nŠ�b���cΑ2 �!,8� 6Af ��L��` 0``�j��`�����Mq�u���8(20�����,g���z�b�@l����Y)�� >�H� The complexities of this situation involve the analysing of the ethnic elements included in this term 'Ngoni' and the determining of the sense in which it is to be used. Have they a separate identity as a people, marked by distinctive social and political institutions ?' The traditions centring round the person of Zwangendaba are numerous. It is easy to see that the circumstances under which the Ngoni state was created demanded a strong autocratic ruler. 20. Then they said, "We are Charterland" and Mpezeni refused: " I have given no promise to Charterland." This society differs radically from that of a homogeneous community where the sociological structure has gone through a long process of integration or disintegration, or has remained static over a period of time. Koyi as believing that the Ngoni were 'related to the Abambo - a tribe of Fingoes (Mfengu) far south'.9 This theory is not altogether impossible, for, as the Oxford History of South Africa points out One outstanding fact is the enormous area over which Nguni people dispersed within thirty-five years. Once they were settled, however, and married local women, those women went visiting to their own homes and took their children with them, and gradually a pronounced alien element and another language penetrated into Ngoni society. Should we say then that Ngoni is a culture without a language? They speak a Bantu language closely related to those of their immediate neighbours, the … The new situation forced the Ngoni to make drastic readjustments. He began to take money for our huts. IN MEMORIAM : WILLIAM KOYI From Among the Wild Angoni by W A Elmslie William Koyi 1846-1886 FOR the following particulars of the early ... Pictures and Artist Impressions of Life among the Ngoni and other Ngunis in the early 19th Century, Maji Maji in Ungoni: A Reappraisal of Existing Historiography, IN MEMORY OF WILLIAM KOYI, XHOSA MISSIONARY TO NORTHERN NGONILAND, PRAISE POEMS OF THE MASEKO AND JELE NGONI. Patrilineal succession and inheritance, for example, introduced by the Ngoni, was bound up with the relations of father to son, the acquiring and distribution of cattle, the worship of clan and family ancestors. Culture is made up of traditions, beliefs, way of life, from the most spiritual to the most material. In spite of these divergences in later history, however, the Ngoni point to their earlier history and say,' You see we are all one people '. The Ngoni Tribe of Malawi. Here I use the English word ' clan' to express the unilateral group according to kinship descent. ' The making of these shields, which formerly gave courage and protection to the warriors, is to this day almost a ritual. Forum of EthnoGeoPolitics Book Review The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture Caspar ten Dam Robert Elsie, The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture London/New York: I.B. 7.This word 'respect' is constantly in use among the Ngoni. The Ngoni in Mpezeni's country, when speaking of this time, call it chamtendere (the time of peace). The name Ngoni having been assumed on the march north, it obviously at first only covered those clans which were of true southern origin, or as we should say today, of Zulu or Swazi stock. I have heard Ngoni chiefs in court address their indunas and headmen many times on behaving well to people of other tribes ' Or they will leave us and to-day we cannot make them return '. The basis of the story of the original dispute is the same, but the versions as told in each ' country' differ in a succession of minute details, whose arrangement and emphasis prove the point in each case. Any white travellers' tales referring to these years lay stress on the constant raids carried out by the Ngoni, the fierceness of their warriors, and their ravaging of the countryside for slaves and cattle. It is worth while mention- ing here that this claim to be Ngoni is made with even more force when men are away from home on the mines or at other work. To-day they are found in three large groups and several smaller ones, the large groups known as the ' countries' of. 27.In the Report of Justice Maughan on the North Charterland Inquiry he says, 'It was a remarkably well-managed little war and the Ngoni accepted their defeat in good spirit like other Bantu races '. Conclusions reached after the first period of field work are generally given with a certain reserve, especially in a complex field such as the Ngoni present. And having subdued them, how did they preserve their own culture, so that they were not submerged in the very different cultures round them? Then one day an old induna revealed the reason for this enthusiasm about being ' written up '. God is seen as the supreme authority; this validates the Ngoni political system. About 115 years ago the ancestors of these Ngoni left their homes in the present Zululand and Swaziland for their long trek north. I realized how clear to the people is the historical significance of these village names, when I asked a question and they exclaimed, 'What? Nguni Collections in the Archives. The Ngoni trace their origins to the Nguni and Zulu people of kwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. It is their southern origin and their well remembered traditions of the past which confer distinctiveness on the true Ngoni, and on the state which they built. The version of a narrative at one time was inter- preted or moulded to serve a purpose. As one way of revamping the tribe’s culture, the Ngoni of Mzimba host a three-day annual festival known as Umthetho that takes place at Hora Mountain every August. Conditions all over Africa are changing and new forms of social and political organization are emerging due to the contact of the Africans with European civilization. Author(s): Patrick M. Redmond, 1975. In spite of certain minor differences there was then a form of society and of political organization which was the same in all three areas, and they all possessed the same language, traditions, and aristo- cratic hierarchy. God is seen as the “Inkhosi ya Makhosi,” the lord of the lords, the lord of the sky and the father of the universe. In villages called Ngoni villages, that is, where the 'owner' of the village was of a recognized Ngoni clan and where there was a nucleus of Ngoni clans- men, the individuals in Ngoni clans numbered from 25-75 per cent. For they set the main problems for the detailed study of the Ngoni, and also of the Ngoni as a field for observing culture contact. Any generalization about the Ngoni attitude to white people would be inaccurate without much detailed explanation, for which there is no space here. Human beings are creators of culture and, at the same time, culture is what makes us human. These were Ngoni, and they and their fellow Ngoni in other areas. After I had been a little while among the Ngoni, and their chiefs and leading men had begun to realize my aim in field work, I was surprised by the help they gave me and the amount of co-operation they showed in my enquiries. It implies both 'honour' and 'fear ', and they sometimes use one word and sometimes the other. Most of the true Ngoni to-day are bilingual4; with the ex- ception of a few very old Ngoni people, everyone to-day speaks one of the local vernaculars, Nsenga, Tumbuka, or Chewa.5 Ngoni is the language of the aristocrats, and a large proportion of the true Ngoni understand and speak it. This supremacy was first challenged and then overthrown by the arrival of the Europeans and the defeat of the Ngoni military power. None of them keep to the Ngoni customs any longer. When pressed to explain the nature of this ' bad 'influence, they say,' The children are learning only the customs of the women. Overwhelming though this military catastrophe was, to the Ngoni it is the events preceding and following the 'war' on which they dwell, when in the villages they speak of this period of white contact. It gives us meaning, a way of leading our lives. In Gomani's country, on the other hand, where taxes are collected through the chiefs and headmen, though the men groan at having to find the money, they do not attempt to evade it, first because it would be useless, and secondly because they acknowledge the right of the chiefs to collect dues from them. It is no surprise that the birth rituals in the Ngoni culture are vastly different than those of the American culture. It is, strictly speaking, an historical linguistic term, and referred originally to that group of clans described as 'Nguni' because they spoke a language classified to-day as the Nguni dialects.' The largest groups are in Nyasaland in the districts of Mzimba, Dowa, Fort Manning, Dedza, and Ncheu. The word had evidently slipped out unawares, for later on they told me that it was a word they only used among themselves. They refuse to make them for sale as curiosities, and several Europeans have told me that they have tried in vain to get one. The missionaries brought a new religion, western education, and western medicine. It is interesting to see how this language test brings out the social distinctions based on family and rank, and produces generally an inferiority reaction among the non-Ngoni. The main purpose of the tradition was to show that there cannot be more than one rightful inkosi of the Ngoni. 545 0 obj<>stream There was therefore less actual resistance to culture fusion, though the dislike of adopting alien customs persisted. They are also of Bantu origin, most closely allied with the Bantu to the north and west of them. 19.I am not clear yet what was the precise sociological process by which the identity of these villages was preserved. It was an occasion on which economics, religion, politics, social life and recreation were brought together in a dramatic form in the part played by the Paramount Chief vis-a-vis his people. An adequate examination of Ngoni history as it is expressed in their institutions and standardized behaviour would need an article to itself. Old warriors in war dress came and danced by the cattle kraal and sang praise songs. He also refused Sir Harry Johnston's emissary who met Weise at Mpezeni's kraal with a view to getting Mpezeni to make a treaty direct with the British Crown. Ngoni women of good family still speak Ngoni, but I have not found any instances of local women married to Ngoni men who have learned it. Their interpretation of their history, therefore, reflected in the established legends and tradition, influences profoundly their thinking about themselves, about their neighbours, and about the Europeans. I shall only mention here some ways and occasions through which tradition and old Ngoni institutions are brought before the people. The contrast between Ngoni society in those two districts to-day is startling, and is commented on frequently by the Ngoni themselves. In their contact with the Chewa and other subject tribes they could no longer maintain the social exclusiveness which had marked the distinction between Ngoni and slaves. At the same time the North Charterland Company recognized that Mpezeni still held the effective sovereignty over the area, and that the success and safety of any mining or trading expedition sent to the territory depended on good relations being established with Mpezeni. Other neighbouring peoples have vague traditions of wandering from north to south, or west to east, but the Ngoni know exactly where they came from and by what route. There was, however, some difference between the political organization of the Ngoni as a conquering horde on the march, and their organization when they finally settled in their present areas. Malinowski. Then came the Azzungu war.'. This last, superimposed upon the local matrilineal and matrilocal tribes, has created a variety of forms of marriage and inheritance which is almost the despair of the field worker. In any meeting at a chief's village the men and women of Ngoni clans sit nearest to the chief and drink beer before the rest. In each area the Paramount Chief arranged that' historians ', that is, old men accredited by him as having correct information, should come to dictate Ngoni history to me. And it is not only the aristocrats who take part in such conversations. 'No one ever conquered us until the Azungu came, and no one will conquer us again until they first conquer the Azungu.' He gently but firmly put aside my scheme of studying village organization and economic life, saying, 'First you ought to know about our begin- nings '. It is in fact one of the distinguishing marks between the true Ngoni and the rest. We would have fought until there was only one inkosi.'. Singu, Mpezeni's heir, was taken and shot together with his wives; half the cattle of the Ngoni were taken as 'rightful loot'; and the North Charterland Company began assigning farms to Euro- peans in their tract. You do not know about Elangeni being the village of Hlachwayo ? But we wanted also to see if the English would conquer the Germans as they conquered us.' He is very powerful and is the only avowedly recalcitrant chief in all British Central Africa. 'Mpezeni I. I have up to the present referred to the three Ngoni areas as if they formed one cultural unit. The Ngoni migrated due to the tyrannical and dictatorial rule of Shaka, the Zulu ruler who was everything in his kingdom. It is evident that the field worker who tries to describe and analyse the society which is found in the Ngoni areas to-day has some difficulty in establishing appropriate and correct terms. To-day when they discuss the advent of the Europeans and the consequent' spoiling ' of their country, they recall the days when extensive tribute was paid to their Paramount Chief, chiefs were free to choose good sites for their very big villages, the outlying areas were ruled by indunas and lesser chiefs. I have seen Chewa men and women huddle together during these war dances, and mutter, ' Too many Ngoni are here ', as if they were still in the days of fighting and raids, while the Ngoni warriors swagger about, swishing their kilts of skins and brandishing their shields and spears with every appearance of reality.
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