Dat dwangarbeid gunstige gevolge kan hê, blyk uit 'n koerantberig in 2009: "The slow pace of work on Namibia's new southern railway" word gekontrasteer met "the lightning speed by which a similar line had been constructed between 1905 and 1906" (p 352). Dieser ist aber eng mit der südafrikanischen Währung Rand verbunden, da auch beide Länder wirtschaftlich eng miteinander verbunden sind. Man vermutet, dass die ersten Menschen in Namibia lebten und Namibia somit eine der "Wiegen der Menschheit" sein könnte. [22] The transition from the 15-year rule of President Sam Nujoma to his successor, Hifikepunye Pohamba in 2005 went smoothly.[23]. At the Ronald Reagan/Mikhail Gorbachev summit in Moscow (29 May – 1 June 1988) between leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union, it was decided that Cuban troops would be withdrawn from Angola, and Soviet military aid would cease, as soon as South Africa withdrew from Namibia. Ben Ulenga is a former SWAPO member and Deputy Minister of Environment and Tourism, and High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Under the leadership of Jonker Afrikaner, the Oorlams used their superior weapons to take control of the best grazing land. Dritter Präsident Namibias ist seit 2015 Hage Gottfried Geingob. Bereits in den 70er-Jahren hatten sich hanseatische Handelshäuser an der Küste Westafrikas neben britischen Firmen eine führende Position erobert. Nujoma gab sein Amt 2005 ab. With their horses and guns, the Afrikaners proved to be militarily superior and forced the Herero to give them cattle as tribute. Its goal was it to introduce South African racist homeland politics in Namibia, while at the same time present the occupation as a progressive and scientific way to develop and support the people in Namibia.[14]. UNTAG's Martti Ahtisaari took advice from Margaret Thatcher, who was visiting Southern Africa at the time, and authorized a limited contingent of South African troops to assist the South West African Police in restoring order. The 11-month transition period ended relatively smoothly. Die deutschen Siedler wollten sich nur ihr Land zu Nutze machen, indem sie die Bevölkerung knechteten oder vertrieben. Dabei handelte sich vor allem um die Stämme der Herero und Ovambo, deren Nachfahren auch heute noch in Namibia leben. In 1998, Namibia Defence Force (NDF) troops were sent to the Democratic Republic of the Congo as part of a Southern African Development Community (SADC) contingent. The US Government's role as mediator was both critical and disputed throughout the period, one example being the intense efforts in 1984 to obtain withdrawal of the South African Defence Force (SADF) from southern Angola. Die Nachbarstaaten sind Namibia, Botswana, Simbabwe, ... 1652 beginnende niederländische Kolonialzeit. 22, Transitional Government of National Unity, UN Commissioner for Namibia Bernt Carlsson, http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10539/8533/ISS-95.pdf?sequence=1, "History of Namibia. Cuba, South Africa, and the People's Republic of Angola agreed to a complete withdrawal of foreign troops from Angola. In 1884 Bismarck did so, thereby establishing German South West Africa as a colony (Deutsch-Südwestafrika in German). Most of them reside in the refugee camp Osire north of Windhoek. In May 1988, a US mediation team – headed by Chester A. Crocker, US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs – brought negotiators from Angola, Cuba, and South Africa, and observers from the Soviet Union together in London. The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990. Deutsch-Südwestafrika war die einzige der deutschen Kolonien, in der sich eine nennenswerte Anzahl deutscher Siedler niederließ. Die ersten Bevölkerungsgruppen, die hier lebten, waren die Buschmänner (San) und die Damara. [15] After Angola became independent in 1975, SWAPO established bases in the southern part of the country. The Caprivi Strip in Namibia gave Germany access to the Zambezi River and thereby to German colonies in East Africa. Jahrhunderts durch politische Reformbestrebungen der multiethnischen Zivilbevölkerung und im Namib… ), Within a month of the signing of the New York Accords, South African president P. W. Botha suffered a mild stroke, which prevented him from attending a meeting with Namibian leaders on 20 January 1989. These tragic events, known as the Herero and Namaqua Genocide, resulted in the death of between 24,000 and 65,000 Herero (estimated at 50% to 70% of the total Herero population) and 10,000 Nama (50% of the total Nama population). In 1894 major Theodor Leutwein was appointed governor of German South West Africa. In August 1999, a secessionist attempt in the northeastern Caprivi region was successfully quashed. Second was Ben Ulenga from the Congress of Democrats (COD), that won 10.49% of the votes. The inhospitable Namib Desert constituted a formidable barrier and neither of the Portuguese explorers went far inland. It was not until the 19th century, when European powers sought to carve up the African continent between them in the so-called "Scramble for Africa", that Europeans – Germany in the forefront – became interested in Namibia. It agrees that the UN will supervise the provision of a new constitution and the holding of elections. The protection treaty did have the effect of stabilising the situation but pockets of rebellion persisted, and were put down by an elite German regiment Schutztruppe, while real peace was never achieved between the colonialists and the natives. Es kam zu schweren Aufständen, die von den Deutschen niedergeschlagen wurden. Geburtstag Wilhelm Fink. To cope with the situation, Germany sent 14,000 additional troops who soon crushed the rebellion in the Battle of Waterberg in 1904. Im 15. Soon the Namaqua people joined the war, again under the leadership of Hendrik Witbooi. The Basters settled in central Namibia, where they founded the city Rehoboth. As early as 25 000 B.C., the first humans lived in the Huns Mountains in the South of Namibia. Jahrhundert kamen Bantus, Hirtenvölker aus Zentral- und Ostafrika, in den Norden des heutigen Namibia. Following World War II, the League of Nations was dissolved in April 1946 and its successor, the United Nations, instituted a Trusteeship system to bring all of the former German colonies in Africa under UN control. In the Brandberg Mountains, there are numerous rock paintings, most of them originating from around 2000 B.C. Hifikepunye Pohamba wurde 2005 Nachfolger von Nujoma. Sam Nujoma won the presidential elections of 1994 with 76.34% of the votes. 33, Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. Die UN unterstützte die SWAPO. Kolonialzeit das kollektive Geschichtsbewusstsein in Deutschland lange Zeit dominiert(Vgl. In 1793 the Dutch authority in the Cape decided to take control of Walvis Bay, since it was the only good deep-water harbour along the Skeleton Coast. The people of Namibia have every reason to be proud of these fourteen years of independence. [24], One of SWAPO's policies, that had been formulated long before the party came into power, was land reform. Kolonialzeit. Kolonie = Ansiedelung von Menschen außerhalb ihrer Heimat; auswärtiger Territorialbesitz eines Staates) ging einher mit dem Imperialismus, dem sogenannten Groß- oder Weltm… From Adolf Luederitz to Sam Nujoma", Address by the Right Honourable Nahas Angula MP, Prime minister of the Republic of Namibia on the occasion of the official inauguration of the SADC Tribunal House Windhoek 18 November 2005, United Nations Transition Assistance Group, "The Gathering Storm? [29] The Koevoet issue had been one of the most difficult UNTAG faced. Mitglied der Vereinten Nationen und ebenfalls Mitglied im Commonwealth of Nations. Another reason for German settlement was the discovery of diamonds in 1908. [citation needed] Squatting occurs when internal migrants move to the cities and live in informal settlements. ", Kössler, Reinhart. Die Epoche des Imperialismus beinhaltet die Zeitspanne von ca. Der Völkerbund sprach das Land 1920 Südafrika als Mandatsgebiet zu. In 1999 Namibia signed a mutual defence pact with its northern neighbour Angola. Vor allem die Deutschen zeigten großes Interesse an diesem großen Land im Südwesten Afrikas. Land was supposed to be redistributed mostly from the white minority to previously landless communities and ex-combatants. Almost 98% of registered voters turned out to elect members of the Constituent Assembly. The painted stone plates that exist from that time not only prove that these settlements existed, they also belong among the oldest works of art in the world. In June 1989, the Special Representative told the Administrator-General that this behavior was totally inconsistent with the settlement proposal, which required the police to be lightly armed. In the beginning of the war the Herero, under the leadership of chief Samuel Maharero had the upper hand. Die eigene Währung erhält Namibia erst 1993: den Namibia-Dollar. In: ERNST, T. and MEIN, G., eds., Literatur als Interdiskurs: Realismus und Normalismus, Interkulturalität und Intermedialität von der Moderne bis zur Gegenwart. Es grenzt an den Indischen und den Atlantischen Ozean. It called for the holding of elections in Namibia under UN supervision and control, the cessation of all hostile acts by all parties, and restrictions on the activities of South African and Namibian military, paramilitary, and police. Both the Herero and the Afrikaner wanted to use the grasslands of Damaraland for their herds. [citation needed] As with the Oorlams, they were forced northwards by the expansion of white settlers when, in 1868, a group of about 90 families crossed the Orange River into Namibia. "From Labour Elites to Garveyites: West African Migrant Labour in Namibia, 1892–1925.". Dieser ist aber eng mit der südafrikanischen Währung Rand verbunden, da auch beide Länder wirtschaftlich eng miteinander verbunden sind. Eine. In 1998, with one year until the scheduled presidential election when Sam Nujoma would not be allowed to participate in since he had already served the two terms that the constitution allows, SWAPO amended the constitution, allowing three terms instead of two. Namibia wurde das 151. Twyfelfontein was … Erst 1966 hob die UN dieses Mandat wieder auf. There is no reliable indication as to which ethnic groups created them. They came from the east African lakes and entered Namibia from the northwest. Zu Beginn versuchte man noch sogenannte "Schutzverträge" mit den Einheimischen zu schließen. 1884 gründete der Bremer Kaufmann Adolf Lüderitz auf dem Gebiet des Staates Namibia die erste deutsche Kolonie: Deutsch-Südwestafrika. Deutsch-Südwestafrika war von 1884 bis 1915 eine deutsche Kolonie (auch Schutzgebiet) auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Staates Namibia. Schon früh siedelten auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Namibia auch die San, Buschmänner, von denen wir heute noch mittels der Felszeichnungen erfahren, die in Namibia zu bewundern sind. Im November 1989 hatten zuvor die ersten freien Wahlen stattgefunden, bei denen die SWAPO 57 Prozent der Stimmen erhielt. Dennoch hat er dem jungen namibischen Staat Frieden und eine gewisse politische Stabilität gebracht und sich vor allem für eine Aussöhnung zwischen der weißen und schwarzen Bevölkerung eingesetzt. In 1872 they founded the "Free Republic of Rehoboth" and adopted a constitution stating that the nation should be led by a "Kaptein" directly elected by the people, and that there should be a small parliament, or Volkraad, consisting of three directly-elected citizens.[4]. Namibia also intervened in the Second Congo War, sending troops in support of the Democratic Republic of Congo's president Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Negotiations after 1978 focused on issues such as supervision of elections connected with the implementation of the settlement proposal. ", Kössler, Reinhart. In the period, four UN Commissioners for Namibia were appointed. Under the growing international pressure to legitimize its annexation of Namibia, South Africa established in 1962 the ‘Commission of Enquiry into South West Africa Affairs’, better known as the Odendaal commission, named after Frans Hendrik Odendaal, who headed the commission. In 1903 there were 3,700 Germans living in the area, and by 1910 their number had increased to 13,000. First they resided in Kaokoland, but in the middle of the 19th century some tribes moved farther south and into Damaraland. Zeugnis erster menschlicher Ansiedlungen im heutigen Namibia geben Felsmalereien, von denen die ältesten bereits um 25.000 v. Chr. The Namaqua's resistance proved to be unsuccessful, however, and in 1894 Witbooi was forced to sign a "protection treaty" with the Germans. South African foreign minister, Pik Botha, announced on 28 September 1989 that 1,200 ex-Koevoet members would be demobilized with effect from the following day. anderen imperialistische Staaten hatten Welt längst aufgeteilt geringe wirtschaftliche Vorteile Interessenkonflikte Herero Flüchtlinge Inbesitznahme Argumente für Kolonien "Ich will gar keine Kolonien, die sind nur zu Versorgungsposten gut." Gegen Ende des 15. [26] The residents protested and the subsequent killing of eleven protesters spawned a major Namibian nationalist following and the formation of united black opposition to South African rule. Sie war das Zeitalter, in der die europäischen Länder Frankreich, Großbrittanien, das Deutsche Reich, Italien und Russland, aber auch asiatische Länder in einen Konkurrenzkampf gerieten, der auf der Errichtung von Kolonien basierte. The first attack of this kind was the battle at Omugulugwombashe on 26 August. Von H. Vensky The official currency of Namibia is the Namibian Dollar (N$), which is subdivided into 100 cents.Namibia (along with Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland) is a member of the Southern African Common Monetary Area, and as such the Namibian Dollar is pegged 1:1 to the South African Rand (ZAR).Both the Namibian Dollar and South African Rand are legal tender in Namibia, though change … Der Kolonialismus (lat. [16], In 1975, South Africa sponsored the Turnhalle Constitutional Conference, which sought an "internal settlement" to Namibia. Hosted by Leipzig Postkolonial and Engagierte Wissenschaft e.V. In October 1989, under orders of the UN Security Council, Pretoria was forced to demobilize some 1,600 members of Koevoet (Afrikaans for crowbar). His place was taken by acting president J. Christiaan Heunis. While previously the contract work force was seen as "primitive" and "lack[ing] political consciousness", the summer 1971/72 saw a general strike of 25% of the entire working population (13,000 people), starting in Windhoek and Walvis Bay and soon spreading to Tsumeb and other mines. Their booking on Pan Am 103 was cancelled at the last minute and Pik Botha, together with a smaller delegation, caught the earlier Pan Am 101 flight to New York. The annexation was an attempt to forestall German ambitions in the area, and it also guaranteed control of the good deepwater harbour on the way to the Cape Colony and other British colonies on Africa's east coast.[6][7]. 1914 brach der Erste Weltkrieg aus und Deutsch-Südwestafrika wurde durch Südafrika besetzt. Es kam zu heftigen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen der namibischen Freiheitsbewegung SWAPO (South West Africa People's Organisation) und Südafrika. Sie errichteten Handelsniederlassungen entlang der Küste und christianisierten im Laufe der Zeit die Bevölkerung, mit der rege Handelsbeziehungen aufgenommen wurden. The first European to set foot on Namibian soil was the Portuguese Diogo Cão in 1485, who stopped briefly on the Skeleton Coast, and raised a limestone cross there, on his exploratory mission along the west coast of Africa. In 1966, South West Africa People's Organisation's (SWAPO) military wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) began guerrilla attacks on South African forces, infiltrating the territory from bases in Zambia. "Images of History and the Nation: Namibia and Zimbabwe compared. Shares 0 Facebook 0 Tweet 0 Pin 0 Print 0 Email 0 LinkedIn 0. Die Geschichte Namibias umfasst die historischen Entwicklungen auf dem Territorium der Republik Namibia von der Ur- und Frühgeschichte bis nach der Unabhängigkeit des Staates. Finally, in 1987 when prospects for Namibian independence seemed to be improving, the fourth UN Commissioner for Namibia Bernt Carlsson was appointed. "Die Schatten der Vergangenheit": Kolonialzeit und Geschichtspolitik in Bernhard Jaumanns Namibia-Krimis. This page was last edited on 17 March 2021, at 11:59. They were able to do this since SWAPO had a two-thirds majority in both the National Assembly of Namibia and the National Council, which is the minimum needed to amend the constitution. Namibia wurde das 151. They launched a joint diplomatic effort to bring an internationally acceptable transition to independence for Namibia. The government in Pretoria now finally gives up its policy of stalling on Namibia's independence. He was killed on flight Pan Am 103 which exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland on 21 December 1988 en route from London to New York. Contrary to SWAPO President Sam Nujoma's written assurances to the UN Secretary General to abide by a cease-fire and repatriate only unarmed Namibians, it was alleged that approximately 2,000 armed members of the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN), SWAPO's military wing, crossed the border from Angola in an apparent attempt to establish a military presence in northern Namibia. In return Jonker Afrikaner was recognised as overlord, received tribute from the Nama, and settled at what today is Windhoek, on the borders of Herero territory. Nevertheless, discussions proceeded with UN Commissioner for Namibia N°2 Martti Ahtisaari who played a key role in getting the Constitutional Principles agreed in 1982 by the front-line states, SWAPO, and the Western Contact Group. While that problem was resolved, minor disturbances in the north continued throughout the transition period. clock. Windhoek ist die Hauptstadt Namibias und hat heute zwischen 300.000 bis 400.000 (unterschiedliche Angaben) Einwohner. On 17 December 1920, South Africa undertook administration of South West Africa under the terms of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations and a Class C Mandate agreement by the League Council. Der Präsident wird in Namibia immer alle fünf Jahre direkt vom Volk gewählt. In contrast to the San and Damara, they lived on the livestock they bred themselves. In exchange for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea, Britain assumed control of the island of Zanzibar in East Africa. Er war Führer der SWAPO. After the First World War, the League of Nations Mandated South Africa to administer the territory. 0 Comment 3404 Views Namibias Geschichte. The peaceful resolution of this territorial dispute was praised by the international community, as it fulfilled the provisions of the UNSCR 432 (1978), which declared Walvis Bay to be an integral part of Namibia. With good knowledge of the terrain they had little problem in defending themselves against the Schutztruppe (initially numbering only 766). 1797 erste Besetzung durch Truppen des Königreichs Großbritannien. Mitglied der Vereinten Nationen und ebenfalls Mitglied im Commonwealth of Nations. Veröffentliche Deine Hausaufgaben, Referate, Facharbeiten & Interpretationen auf abi-pur.de und wir bessern Dein Taschengeld auf. This agreement, known as the Brazzaville Protocol, established a Joint Monitoring Commission (JMC) with the United States and the Soviet Union as observers. Namibia's independence grew out of the determination and courage of the people of Namibia and the vision you share with your ancestors. Nach Deutsch-Südwest gelangten Togo und Kamerun unter den Schutz des Reiches. In the 19th century white farmers, mostly Boers, moved further north, pushing the indigenous Khoisan peoples, who put up a fierce resistance, across the Orange River. Ab 1806 permanente britische Kronkolonie. Namibia and the Land Question", "2004 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook – Namibia", "Main treason trial set to soldier on in September", "Caprivi treason trial up and running again", "History and economy – Namibia Travel Guide", Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, "Chronology of Namibian History: From Precolonial Times to Independent Namibia", "People and culture – Namibia Travel Guide", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Namibia&oldid=1012623073, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2015, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Botha, Christo. The transition got off to a shaky start. Eine Festschrift für Rolf Parr zum 60. The land reform has been slow, mainly because Namibia's constitution only allows land to be bought from farmers willing to sell. Indpendence: from1990: In the elections held in 1989 SWAPO wins 57% of the vote. [2] Nonetheless, in December 1978, in defiance of the UN proposal, it unilaterally held elections, which were boycotted by SWAPO and a few other political parties. Herero language, a language of the Bantu family (Niger-Congo group). Kontakt; Impressum ; Upload; Suche Hausaufgaben ... die Kolonialzeit im 18. The last group of people today considered indigenous that arrived in Namibia were the Basters; descendants of Boer men and African women (mostly Nama). Mehr erfährst du hierüber auch bei den www.zeitklicks.de. The opposition Democratic Turnhalle Alliance received 29% of the vote. The calmer situation in Angola has made it possible for many of them to return to their home with the help of UNHCR, and in 2004 only 12,600 remained in Namibia. Earlier von Trotha issued an ultimatum to the Herero, denying them citizenship rights and ordering them to leave the country or be killed. Kurz vor dem 100 Jahrestages des Endes der deutschen Kolonialherrschaft im heutigen Namibia hat das Bündnis „Völkermord verjährt nicht!“ heute am Vormittag um 10 Uhr im Beisein einer hochrangigen namibischen Delegation unter Leitung des OvaHerero Paramount Chief Adv. Diamond production continues to be a very important part of Namibia's economy. During the 17th century the Herero, a pastoral, nomadic people keeping cattle, moved into Namibia. Das Schutzgebiet umfasste nun mit Deutsch-Südwestafrika, dem heutigen Namibia, seine endgültigen Grenzen. Die berühmten Felsmalereien von Twyfelfontein sind jüngere Belege frühgeschichtlicher Besiedlung. Von 1884 bis 1914, also dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges, war Namibia ein "Deutsches Schutzgebiet". A fragment of a hominoid jaw, estimated to be thirteen Million years old, was found in the Otavi Mountains. Vor 125 Jahren hissten deutsche Siedler die Fahne des Kaiserreichs in der Bucht Angra Pequena, fortan bekannt als Lüderitz-Bucht. [3] Intense diplomatic activity characterized the next 7 months, as the parties worked out agreements to bring peace to the region and make possible the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 435 (UNSCR 435). Dies wurde auch in Namibia spürbar (das damals noch nicht Namibia hieß). Both groups belonged to the Bantu nation. In 1883, a German trader, Adolf Lüderitz, bought Angra Pequena from the Nama chief Josef Frederiks II. In the 1840s the German Rhenish Mission Society started working in Namibia and co-operating with the London Missionary Society. "People and the environment in colonial Namibia. Forces of the Namibian government struck back and arrested a number of alleged CLA supporters. Multiparty democracy was introduced and has been maintained, with local, regional and national elections held regularly. Man beschloss das Land Namibia zu nennen, nach der Wüste Namib an der Küste des Landes. The Caprivi conflict was an armed conflict between the Caprivi Liberation Army (CLA), a rebel group working for the secession of the Caprivi Strip, and the Namibian government. By 9 February 1990, the Constituent Assembly had drafted and adopted a constitution. South Africa continued to administer Namibia through its installed multiracial coalitions and an appointed Administrator-General. During the land crisis in Zimbabwe, where the government confiscated white farmers' land by force, fears rose among the white minority and the western world that the same method would be used in Namibia.[28]. It started in 1994 and had its peak in the early hours of 2 August 1999 when CLA launched an attack in Katima Mulilo, the provincial capital of the Caprivi Region. The history of Namibia has passed through several distinct stages from being colonised in the late nineteenth century to Namibia's independence on 21 March 1990.. From 1884, Namibia was a German colony: German South West Africa.After the First World War, the League of Nations Mandated South Africa to administer the territory. So kam es, dass Deutsch-Südwestafrika zu einer deutschen Kolonie wurde. The elections were held in November 1989, overseen by foreign observers, and were certified as free and fair by the UN Special Representative, with SWAPO taking 57% of the vote, just short of the two-thirds necessary to have a free hand in revising the framework constitution that had been formulated not by UN Commissioner Bernt Carlsson but by the South African appointee Louis Pienaar.
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